Aryl substituted bicyclic compounds as herbicides

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are compounds of Formula 1, including all N-oxides, stereoisomers, and salts thereof,wherein Q1, Q2, R1, R2, Y, J and R7 are as defined in the disclosure.Also disclosed are compositions containing the compounds of Formula 1 and methods for controlling undesired vegetation comprising contacting the undesired vegetation or its environment with an effective amount of a compound or a composition of the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to certain bicyclic carboxamides, their N-oxides, salts and compositions, and methods of their use for controlling undesirable vegetation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The control of undesired vegetation is extremely important in achieving high crop efficiency. Achievement of selective control of the growth of weeds especially in such useful crops as rice, soybean, sugar beet, maize, potato, wheat, barley, tomato and plantation crops, among others, is very desirable. Unchecked weed growth in such useful crops can cause significant reduction in productivity and thereby result in increased costs to the consumer. The control of undesired vegetation in noncrop areas is also important. Many products are commercially available for these purposes, but the need continues for new compounds that are more effective, less costly, less toxic, environmentally safer or have different sites of action.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to a compound of Formula 1 (including all stereoisomers), including N-oxides and salts thereof, agricultural compositions containing them and their use as herbicides:

wherein

-   -   Q¹ is a phenyl or benzyl ring or a naphthalenyl ring system,         each ring or ring system optionally substituted with up to 5         substituents independently selected from R⁹; or a 5- to         6-membered fully unsaturated heterocyclic ring or an 8- to         10-membered heteroaromatic bicyclic ring system, each ring or         ring system containing ring members selected from carbon atoms         and 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from up to 2 O, up         to 2 S and up to 4 N atoms, wherein up to 3 carbon ring members         are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S), and the sulfur         atom ring members are independently selected from         S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁸)_(v), each ring or ring system optionally         substituted with up to 5 substituents independently selected         from R⁹ on carbon atom ring members and selected from R¹⁰ on         nitrogen atom ring members;     -   Q² is a phenyl ring or a naphthalenyl ring system, each ring or         ring system optionally substituted with up to 5 substituents         independently selected from R¹¹; or a 5- to 6-membered fully         unsaturated heterocyclic ring or an 8- to 10-membered         heteroaromatic bicyclic ring system, each ring or ring system         containing ring members selected from carbon atoms and 1 to 4         heteroatoms independently selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S and         up to 4 N atoms, wherein up to 3 carbon ring members are         independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S), and the sulfur atom         ring members are independently selected from         S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁸)_(v), each ring or ring system optionally         substituted with up to 5 substituents independently selected         from R¹¹ on carbon atom ring members and selected from R¹² on         nitrogen atom ring members;     -   R¹ and R² are each independently H, halogen, hydroxy or C₁-C₄         alkyl;     -   Y is O, S or NR¹⁵;     -   A is a saturated, partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated         chain containing 2 to 4 atoms selected from up to 4 carbon, up         to 1 O, up to 1 S and up to 2 N atoms, wherein up to 2 carbon         members are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S) and the         sulfur atom member is selected from S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁸)_(v); the         said chain optionally substituted with up to 5 substituents         independently selected from R³ on carbon atoms and R⁴ on         nitrogen atoms;     -   each R³ is independently halogen, cyano, hydroxy, —CO₂H, C₁-C₄         alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄         haloalkoxy, C₂-C₄ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₄         alkoxycarbonyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl or C₄-C₆ cycloalkylalkyl; or     -   two R³ are taken together with the carbon atom(s) to which they         are bonded to form a C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl ring;     -   each R⁴ is independently cyano, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl,         C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₂-C₄ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₄ alkoxycarbonyl or C₃-C₆         cycloalkyl;     -   J is —CR⁵R⁶— or —CR⁵R⁶—CR^(5a)R^(6a)— wherein the —CR⁵R⁶— moiety         is directly connected to N;     -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently H, halogen, hydroxy, C₁-C₄         alkyl or C₁-C₄ alkoxy; or     -   R⁵ and R⁶ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they         are bonded to form a C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl ring;     -   R^(5a) and R^(6a) are each independently H, halogen or C₁-C₄         alkyl; or     -   R^(5a) and R^(6a) are taken together with the carbon atom to         which they are bonded to form a C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl ring;     -   R⁷ is H, hydroxy, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆         alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl,         C₂-C₈ alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylcarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminocarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆         alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkylthio, C₃-C₈         cycloalkylthio, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfinyl,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆         haloalkylsulfonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆         alkylaminosulfonyl, C₂-C₈ dialkylaminosulfonyl, C₃-C₁₀         trialkylsilyl or G¹;     -   each R⁸ is independently H, cyano, C₂-C₃ alkylcarbonyl or C₂-C₃         haloalkylcarbonyl;     -   each R⁹ is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈ alkyl,         C₁-C₄ cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₁-C₈         nitroalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₈         nitroalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ halocycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂         alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkenyl, C₅-C₁₂         cycloalkylalkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₂ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₈ haloalkoxyalkoxy, C₁-C₄ hydroxyalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ alkoxyalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylaminoalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylaminoalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminoalkyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminoalkyl, —CHO, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylcarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylcarbonyl, —C(═O)OH, C₂-C₈         alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkoxycarbonyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, —C(═O)NH₂,         C₂-C₈ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkoxy, C₂-C₈         alkoxyalkoxy, C₂-C₈ alkenyloxy, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyloxy, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyhaloalkoxy, C₃-C₈ alkynyloxy, C₃-C₈ haloalkynyloxy,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkoxy, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkoxy, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkoxy, C₃-C₁₀ alkylcarbonylalkoxy, C₂-C₈         alkylcarbonyloxy, C₂-C₈ haloalkylcarbonyloxy, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyloxy, C₁-C₈         haloalkylsulfonyloxy, C₁-C₈ alkylthio, C₁-C₈ haloalkylthio,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkylthio, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈         haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₈ haloalkylsulfonyl,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfonyl, formylamino, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonylamino,         C₂-C₈ haloalkylcarbonylamino, C₂-C₈ alkoxycarbonylamino, C₁-C₆         alkylsulfonylamino, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfonylamino, —SF₅, —SCN,         SO₂NH₂, C₃-C₁₂ trialkylsilyl, C₄-C₁₂ trialkylsilylalkyl, C₄-C₁₂         trialkylsilylalkoxy or G²;     -   each R¹¹ is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈ alkyl,         C₁-C₄ cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₁-C₈         nitroalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₈         nitroalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ halocycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂         alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkenyl, C₅-C₁₂         cycloalkylalkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₂ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₈ haloalkoxyalkoxy, C₁-C₄ hydroxyalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ alkoxyalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylaminoalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylaminoalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminoalkyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminoalkyl, —CHO, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylcarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylcarbonyl, —C(═O)OH, C₂-C₈         alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkoxycarbonyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, —C(═O)NH₂,         C₂-C₈ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkoxy, C₂-C₈         alkoxyalkoxy, C₂-C₈ alkenyloxy, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyloxy, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyhaloalkoxy, C₃-C₈ alkynyloxy, C₃-C₈ haloalkynyloxy,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkoxy, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkoxy, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkoxy, C₃-C₁₀ alkylcarbonylalkoxy, C₂-C₈         alkylcarbonyloxy, C₂-C₈ haloalkylcarbonyloxy, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyloxy, C₁-C₈         haloalkylsulfonyloxy, C₁-C₈ alkylthio, C₁-C₈ haloalkylthio,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkylthio, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈         haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₈ haloalkylsulfonyl,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfonyl, formylamino, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonylamino,         C₂-C₈ haloalkylcarbonylamino, C₂-C₈ alkoxycarbonylamino, C₁-C₆         alkylsulfonylamino, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfonylamino, —SF₅, —SCN,         SO₂NH₂, C₃-C₁₂ trialkylsilyl, C₄-C₁₂ trialkylsilylalkyl, C₄-C₁₂         trialkylsilylalkoxy or G³;     -   each R¹⁰ and R¹² is independently cyano, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₃         alkenyl, C₂-C₃ alkynyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, C₂-C₃ alkoxyalkyl,         C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₂-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₃ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₃         alkylaminoalkyl or C₃-C₄ dialkylaminoalkyl;     -   R¹⁵ is H, cyano, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, —(C═O)CH₃ or         —(C═O)CF₃;     -   each G¹ is independently phenyl, phenylmethyl (i.e. benzyl),         pyridinylmethyl, pyridinyloxy, phenylcarbonyl (i.e. benzoyl),         phenoxy, phenylethynyl, phenylsulfonyl, phenylcarbonyl(C₁-C₄         alkyl); or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring, each         optionally substituted on ring members with up to 5 substituents         independently selected from R¹³;     -   each G² is independently phenyl, phenylmethyl (i.e. benzyl),         pyridinylmethyl, phenylcarbonyl (i.e. benzoyl),         phenylcarbonylalkyl, phenoxy, phenylethynyl, phenylsulfonyl or         pyridyloxy; or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring, each         optionally substituted on ring members with up to 5 substituents         independently selected from R¹⁴; or R¹⁶ON═CR¹⁷—, (R¹⁸)₂C═NO—,         (R¹⁹)₂NN═CR¹⁷—, (R¹⁸)₂C═NNR²⁰—, R²¹N═CR¹⁷—, (R¹⁸)₂C═N—,         R²²ON═CR¹⁷C(R²³)₂— or (R¹⁸)₂C═NOC(R²³)₂—, wherein the free bond         projecting to the right indicates the connecting point to Q¹;     -   each G³ is independently phenyl, phenylmethyl (i.e. benzyl),         pyridinylmethyl, phenylcarbonyl (i.e. benzoyl),         phenylcarbonylalkyl, phenoxy, phenylethynyl, phenylsulfonyl or         pyridyloxy; or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring, each         optionally substituted on ring members with up to 5 substituents         independently selected from R¹⁵;     -   each R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ is independently halogen, cyano, hydroxy,         amino, nitro, —CHO, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)NH₂, —SO₂NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl,         C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₂-C₈         alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxycarbonyl,         C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkoxycarbonyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl,         C₂-C₈ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₁₀ dialkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆         alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonyloxy, C₁-C₆         alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkylthio, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆         haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfonyl,         C₁-C₆ alkylaminosulfonyl, C₂-C₈ dialkylaminosulfonyl, C₃-C₁₀         trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₂-C₈ dialkylamino, C₂-C₈         alkylcarbonylamino or C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonylamino;     -   each R¹⁶ is independently H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,         C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆         alkynyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylcarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminocarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆         alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfinyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆         haloalkylsulfonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆         alkylaminosulfonyl, C₂-C₈ dialkylaminosulfonyl, C₃-C₁₀         trialkylsilyl or G¹;     -   each R¹⁷ is independently H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,         C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆         alkynyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆         haloalkylthio, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylthio, C₃-C₁₀ trialkylsilyl or G¹;     -   each R¹⁸ is independently H, hydroxy, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆         alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl,         C₂-C₈ alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylcarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminocarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆         alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkylthio, C₃-C₈         cycloalkylthio, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfinyl,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆         haloalkylsulfonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆         alkylaminosulfonyl, C₂-C₈ dialkylaminosulfonyl, C₃-C₁₀         trialkylsilyl or G¹;     -   each R¹⁹ is independently H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,         C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆         alkynyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylcarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminocarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆         alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfinyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆         haloalkylsulfonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆         alkylaminosulfonyl, C₂-C₈ dialkylaminosulfonyl, C₃-C₁₀         trialkylsilyl or G¹;     -   each R²⁰ is independently H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,         C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆         alkynyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxyC₃-C₁₀ trialkylsilyl or G¹;     -   each R²¹ is independently H, hydroxy, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆         alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl,         C₂-C₈ alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylcarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminocarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆         alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfinyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆         haloalkylsulfonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆         alkylaminosulfonyl, C₂-C₈ dialkylaminosulfonyl, C₃-C₁₀         trialkylsilyl or G¹;     -   each R²² is independently H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,         C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄         haloalkoxy, C₂-C₄ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₄         alkoxycarbonyl or C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl;     -   each R²³ is independently H, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, C₁-C₄         alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl,         C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₂-C₄ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₄         alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₄ alkoxycarbonyl or C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl; and     -   each u and v are independently 0, 1 or 2 in each instance of         S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁸)_(v), provided that the sum of u and v is 0, 1 or         2; and provided the compound is other than a compound of Formula         1 wherein Q¹ is Ph(3-CF₃); Q² is Ph(2-F); R¹ is H; R² is H; Y is         O; A is —CH₂CH₂—; J is —CR⁵R⁶—; R⁵ is H; R⁶ is H; and R⁷ is H.

More particularly, this invention pertains to a compound of Formula 1 (including all stereoisomers), an N-oxide or a salt thereof. This invention also relates to a herbicidal composition comprising a compound of the invention (i.e. in a herbicidally effective amount) and at least one component selected from the group consisting of surfactants, solid diluents and liquid diluents. This invention further relates to a method for controlling the growth of undesired vegetation comprising contacting the vegetation or its environment with a herbicidally effective amount of a compound of the invention (e.g., as a composition described herein).

This invention also includes a herbicidal mixture comprising (a) a compound selected from Formula 1, N-oxides, and salts thereof, and (b) at least one additional active ingredient selected from (b1) through (b16); and salts of compounds of (b1) through (b16), as described below.

DETAILS OF THE INVENTION

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains”, “containing,” “characterized by” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, subject to any limitation explicitly indicated. For example, a composition, mixture, process or method that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process or method.

The transitional phrase “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified. If in the claim, such would close the claim to the inclusion of materials other than those recited except for impurities ordinarily associated therewith. When the phrase “consisting of” appears in a clause of the body of a claim, rather than immediately following the preamble, it limits only the element set forth in that clause; other elements are not excluded from the claim as a whole.

The transitional phrase “consisting essentially of” is used to define a composition or method that includes materials, steps, features, components, or elements, in addition to those literally disclosed, provided that these additional materials, steps, features, components, or elements do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention. The term “consisting essentially of” occupies a middle ground between “comprising” and “consisting of”.

Where applicants have defined an invention or a portion thereof with an open-ended term such as “comprising,” it should be readily understood that (unless otherwise stated) the description should be interpreted to also describe such an invention using the terms “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of.”

Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

Also, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” preceding an element or component of the invention are intended to be nonrestrictive regarding the number of instances (i.e. occurrences) of the element or component. Therefore “a” or “an” should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular word form of the element or component also includes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular.

As referred to herein, the term “seedling”, used either alone or in a combination of words means a young plant developing from the embryo of a seed.

As referred to herein, the term “broadleaf” used either alone or in words such as “broadleaf weed” means dicot or dicotyledon, a term used to describe a group of angiosperms characterized by embryos having two cotyledons.

As used herein, the term “alkylating agent” refers to a chemical compound in which a carbon-containing radical is bound through a carbon atom to a leaving group such as halide or sulfonate, which is displaceable by bonding of a nucleophile to said carbon atom. Unless otherwise indicated, the term “alkylating” does not limit the carbon-containing radical to alkyl; the carbon-containing radicals in alkylating agents include the variety of carbon-bound substituent radicals specified for (R⁹ and R¹¹). The term “directly connected” means “connected” or “bonded”.

In the above recitations, the term “alkyl”, used either alone or in compound words such as “alkylthio” or “haloalkyl” includes straight-chain or branched alkyl, such as, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, or the different butyl, pentyl or hexyl isomers. “Alkenyl” includes straight-chain or branched alkenes such as ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, and the different butenyl, pentenyl and hexenyl isomers. “Alkenyl” also includes polyenes such as 1,2-propadienyl and 2,4-hexadienyl. “Alkynyl” includes straight-chain or branched alkynes such as ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl and the different butynyl, pentynyl and hexynyl isomers. “Alkynyl” can also include moieties comprised of multiple triple bonds such as 2,5-hexadiynyl.

“Alkoxy” includes, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propyloxy, isopropyloxy and the different butoxy, pentoxy and hexyloxy isomers. “Alkoxyalkyl” denotes alkoxy substitution on alkyl. Examples of “alkoxyalkyl” include CH₃OCH₂, CH₃OCH₂CH₂, CH₃CH₂OCH₂, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OCH₂ and CH₃CH₂OCH₂CH₂. “Alkoxyalkoxy” denotes alkoxy substitution on alkoxy. “Alkoxyalkoxyalkyl” denotes alkoxy substitution on an alkoxyalkyl moiety. “Alkenyloxy” includes straight-chain or branched alkenyloxy moieties. Examples of “alkenyloxy” include H₂C═CHCH₂O, (CH₃)₂C═CHCH₂O, (CH₃)CH═CHCH₂O, (CH₃)CH═C(CH₃)CH₂O and CH₂═CHCH₂CH₂O. “Alkynyloxy” includes straight-chain or branched alkynyloxy moieties. Examples of “alkynyloxy” include HC≡CCH₂O, CH₃C≡CCH₂O and CH₃C≡CCH₂CH₂O. “Alkylthio” includes branched or straight-chain alkylthio moieties such as methylthio, ethylthio, and the different propylthio, butylthio, pentylthio and hexylthio isomers. “Alkylsulfinyl” includes both enantiomers of an alkylsulfinyl group. Examples of “alkylsulfinyl” include CH₃S(O)—, CH₃CH₂S(O)—, CH₃CH₂CH₂S(O)—, (CH₃)₂CHS(O)— and the different butylsulfinyl, pentylsulfinyl and hexylsulfinyl isomers. Examples of “alkylsulfonyl” include CH₃S(O)₂—, CH₃CH₂S(O)₂—, CH₃CH₂CH₂S(O)₂—, (CH₃)₂CHS(O)₂—, and the different butylsulfonyl, pentylsulfonyl and hexylsulfonyl isomers. “Alkylthioalkyl” denotes alkylthio substitution on alkyl. Examples of “alkylthioalkyl” include CH₃SCH₂, CH₃SCH₂CH₂, CH₃CH₂SCH₂, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂SCH₂ and CH₃CH₂SCH₂CH₂. “Cyanoalkyl” denotes an alkyl group substituted with one cyano group. Examples of “cyanoalkyl” include NCCH₂, NCCH₂CH₂ and CH₃CH(CN)CH₂. “Alkylamino”, “dialkylamino”, and the like, are defined analogously to the above examples. The terms “alkylthioalkyl”, “alkylsulfonylamino”, “alkylsulfonyloxy”, “alkylaminosulfonyl”, “alkylsulfonylamino”, “alkylaminoalkyl”, “alkylsulfinylalkyl”, “alkylsulfonylalkyl”, “dialkylaminoalkyl” are defined likewise.

“Cycloalkyl” includes, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. The term “alkylcycloalkyl” denotes alkyl substitution on a cycloalkyl moiety and includes, for example, ethylcyclopropyl, i-propylcyclobutyl, 3-methylcyclopentyl and 4-methylcyclohexyl. The term “cycloalkylalkyl” denotes cycloalkyl substitution on an alkyl moiety. The term “cycloalkylalkenyl” denotes cycloalkyl substitution on an alkenyl moiety. The term “cycloalkylalkynyl” denotes cycloalkyl substitution on an alkynyl moiety. Examples of “cycloalkylalkyl” include cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl, and other cycloalkyl moieties bonded to straight-chain or branched alkyl groups. The term “cycloalkoxy” denotes cycloalkyl linked through an oxygen atom such as cyclopentyloxy and cyclohexyloxy. “Cycloalkylalkoxy” denotes cycloalkylalkyl linked through an oxygen atom attached to the alkyl chain. Examples of “cycloalkylalkoxy” include cyclopropylmethoxy, cyclopentylethoxy, and other cycloalkyl moieties bonded to straight-chain or branched alkoxy groups. “Cycloalkenyl” includes groups such as cyclopentenyl and cyclohexenyl as well as groups with more than one double bond such as 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexadienyl. The term “cycloalkylcycloalkyl” means a cycloalkyl substitution on a cycloalkyl moiety”. The terms “cycloalkoxyalkyl”, “alkylcycloalkylalkyl”, “cycloalkylaminoalkyl”, “cycloalkylthio”, “cycloalkylsulfinyl”, “cycloalkylsulfonyl” and the like are defined likewise.

The term “halogen”, either alone or in compound words such as “haloalkyl”, or when used in descriptions such as “alkyl substituted with halogen” includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Further, when used in compound words such as “haloalkyl”, or when used in descriptions such as “alkyl substituted with halogen” said alkyl may be partially or fully substituted with halogen atoms which may be the same or different. Examples of “haloalkyl” or “alkyl substituted with halogen” include F₃C, ClCH₂, CF₃CH₂ and CF₃CCl₂. The terms “halocycloalkyl”, “halocycloalkoxy”, “halocycloalkenyl”, “halocycloalkylalkyl”, “haloalkoxy”, “haloalkoxyhaloalkoxy”, “haloalkylaminoalkyl”, “haloalkylcarbonylamino” “haloalkylthio”, “haloalkylsulfonylamino”, “haloalkenyl”, “haloalkynyl”, “haloalkylcarbonyloxy”, “haloalkylsulfonyloxy”, “haloalkynyloxy”, and the like, areis defined analogously to the term “haloalkyl”. Examples of “haloalkoxy” include CF₃O—, CCl₃CH₂O—, HCF₂CH₂CH₂O— and CF₃CH₂O—. Examples of “haloalkylthio” include CCl₃S—, CF₃S—, CCl₃CH₂S— and ClCH₂CH₂CH₂S—. Examples of “haloalkylsulfinyl” include CF₃S(O)—, CCl₃S(O)—, CF₃CH₂S(O)— and CF₃CF₂S(O)—. Examples of “haloalkylsulfonyl” include CF₃S(O)₂—, CCl₃S(O)₂—, CF₃CH₂S(O)₂— and CF₃CF₂S(O)₂—. Examples of “haloalkenyl” include (Cl)₂C═CHCH₂— and CF₃CH₂CH═CHCH₂—. Examples of “haloalkynyl” include HC≡CCHCl—, CF₃C≡C—, CCl₃C≡C— and FCH₂C≡CCH₂—. Examples of “haloalkoxyalkoxy” include CF₃OCH₂O—, ClCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂O—, C₁₃CCH₂OCH₂O— as well as branched alkyl derivatives. Examples of the “haloalkenyloxy” include (Cl)₂C═CHCH₂O— and CF₃CH₂CH═CHCH₂O—. Examples of “haloalkoxyalkyl” include CF₃OCH₂—, CCl₃CH₂OCH₂—, HCF₂CH₂CH₂OCH₂— and CF₃CH₂OCH₂—.

“Alkylcarbonyl” denotes a straight-chain or branched alkyl moieties bonded to a C(═O) moiety. Examples of “alkylcarbonyl” include CH₃C(═O)—, CH₃CH₂CH₂C(═O)— and (CH₃)₂CHC(═O)—. Examples of “alkoxycarbonyl” include CH₃OC(═O)—, CH₃CH₂OC(═O)—, CH₃CH₂CH₂OC(═O)—, (CH₃)₂CHOC(═O)— and the different butoxy- or pentoxycarbonyl isomers. The terms “alkylcarbonylalkyl”, “alkylcarbonyloxy”, “alkylcarbonylalkoxy”, “alkylcarbonylamino”, “alkoxycarbonylamino”, “alkylaminocarbonyl”, “dialkylaminosulfonyl” “cycloalkylcarbonyl”, “cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl”, “cycloalkoxycarbonyl”, “cycloalkylcarbonyloxy”, “dialkylaminocarbonyl” “cycloalkylaminocarbonyl”, “haloalkylcarbonyl” and “haloalkoxycarbonyl” are defined likewise. The term “hydroxyalkyl” refers to a hydroxy group attached to an alkyl group. The term “cyanoalkyl” refers to a cyano group attached to an alkyl group. The term “cyanoalkoxy” refers to a cyano group attached to an alkoxy group. The term “nitroalkyl” refers to a nitro group attached to an alkyl group. The term “nitroalkenyl” refers to a nitro group attached to an alkenyl group.

The term “trialkylsilyl” means silyl substituted with three alkyl groups. The term “trialkylsilylalkyl” means refers to a trialkylsilyl group bonded through an alkyl group (e.g. —CH₂TMS). The term “trialkylsilyloxy” means refers to a trialkylsilyl group bonded through oxygen (e.g. —OTMS).

The total number of carbon atoms in a substituent group is indicated by the “C_(i)-C_(j)” prefix where i and j are numbers from 1 to 12. For example, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl designates methylsulfonyl through butylsulfonyl; C₂ alkoxyalkyl designates CH₃OCH₂—; C₃ alkoxyalkyl designates, for example, CH₃CH(OCH₃)—, CH₃OCH₂CH₂— or CH₃CH₂OCH₂—; and C₄ alkoxyalkyl designates the various isomers of an alkyl group substituted with an alkoxy group containing a total of four carbon atoms, examples including CH₃CH₂CH₂OCH₂— and CH₃CH₂OCH₂CH₂—.

When a compound is substituted with a substituent bearing a subscript that indicates the number of said substituents can exceed 1, said substituents (when they exceed 1) are independently selected from the group of defined substituents, e.g., S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁸)_(v), u and v are independently 0, 1 or 2). When a group contains a substituent which can be hydrogen, for example (R⁵ or R⁶), then when this substituent is taken as hydrogen, it is recognized that this is equivalent to said group being unsubstituted. When a variable group is shown to be optionally attached to a position, for example R⁹ and R¹¹ wherein n may be 0, then hydrogen may be at the position even if not recited in the variable group definition. When one or more positions on a group are said to be “not substituted” or “unsubstituted”, then hydrogen atoms are attached to take up any free valency.

Unless otherwise indicated, a “ring” or “ring system” as a component of Formula 1 (e.g., substituent Q¹ and Q² is heterocyclic). The term “ring system” denotes two or more fused rings. The terms “bicyclic ring system” and “fused bicyclic ring system” denote a ring system consisting of two fused rings, in which either ring can be saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated unless otherwise indicated. The term “fused heterobicyclic ring system” denotes a fused bicyclic ring system in which at least one ring atom is not carbon. The term “ring member” refers to an atom or other moiety (e.g., C(═O), C(═S), S(O) or S(O)₂) forming the backbone of a ring or ring system.

The terms “heterocyclic ring”, “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic ring system” denote a ring or ring system in which at least one atom forming the ring backbone is not carbon, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Typically a heterocyclic ring contains no more than 4 nitrogens, no more than 2 oxygens and no more than 2 sulfurs. Unless otherwise indicated, a heterocyclic ring can be a saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated ring. When a fully unsaturated heterocyclic ring satisfies Hickel's rule, then said ring is also called a “heteroaromatic ring” or “aromatic heterocyclic ring”. Unless otherwise indicated, heterocyclic rings and ring systems can be attached through any available carbon or nitrogen by replacement of a hydrogen on said carbon or nitrogen.

“Aromatic” indicates that each of the ring atoms is essentially in the same plane and has a p-orbital perpendicular to the ring plane, and that (4n+2) π electrons, where n is a positive integer, are associated with the ring to comply with Hickel's rule. The term “aromatic ring system” denotes a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system in which at least one ring of the ring system is aromatic. The term “aromatic heterocyclic ring system” denotes a heterocyclic ring system in which at least one ring of the ring system is aromatic. The term “nonaromatic ring system” denotes a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system that may be fully saturated, as well as partially or fully unsaturated, provided that none of the rings in the ring system are aromatic.

The term “optionally substituted” in connection with the heterocyclic rings refers to groups which are unsubstituted or have at least one non-hydrogen substituent that does not extinguish the biological activity possessed by the unsubstituted analog. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. The term “optionally substituted” is used interchangeably with the phrase “substituted or unsubstituted” or with the term “(un)substituted.” Unless otherwise indicated, an optionally substituted group may have a substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and each substitution is independent of the other.

As noted above, Q¹ can be (among others) phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from a group of substituents as defined in the Summary of the Invention. An example of phenyl optionally substituted with one to five substituents is the ring illustrated as U-1 in Exhibit 1, wherein R^(v) is R⁹ as defined in the Summary of the Invention for Q¹ and R^(v) is R¹¹ as defined in the Summary of the Invention for Q² and r is an integer from 0 to 5.

As noted above, Q¹ can be (among others) 5- or 6-membered fully unsaturated heterocyclic ring, which may be saturated or unsaturated, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from a group of substituents as defined in the Summary of the Invention. Examples of a 5- or 6-membered unsaturated aromatic heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with from one or more substituents include the rings U-2 through U-61 illustrated in Exhibit 1 wherein R^(v) is any substituent as defined in the Summary of the Invention for Q¹ (i.e. R⁹) and r is an integer from 0 to 5, limited by the number of available positions on each U group. As U-29, U-30, U-36, U-37, U-38, U-39, U-40, U-41, U-42 and U-43 have only one available position, for these U groups r is limited to the integers 0 or 1, and r being 0 means that the U group is unsubstituted and a hydrogen is present at the position indicated by (R^(v))_(r)—.

Examples of a 5- or 6-membered saturated or non-aromatic unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing ring members selected from up to two O atoms and up to two S atoms and up to 4 N atoms, and optionally substituted on carbon atom ring members with up to five halogen atoms includes the rings G-1 through G-35 as illustrated in Exhibit 2. Note that when the attachment point on the G group is illustrated as floating, the G group can be attached to the remainder of Formula 1 through any available carbon or nitrogen of the G group by replacement of a hydrogen atom. The optional substituents corresponding to R^(v) can be attached to any available carbon or nitrogen by replacing a hydrogen atom. For these G rings, r is typically an integer from 0 to 5, limited by the number of available positions on each G group.

Note that when Q¹ or Q² comprises a ring selected from G-28 through G-35, G² is selected from O, S or N. Note that when G² is N, the nitrogen atom can complete its valence by substitution with either H or the substituents corresponding to R^(v) as defined in the Summary of the Invention for Q¹ or Q².

As noted above, Q¹ can be (among others) an 8-, 9- or 10-membered heteroaromatic bicyclic ring system optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from a group of substituents as defined in the Summary of the Invention (i.e. R⁹ and R¹¹). Examples of 8-, 9- or 10-membered heteraromatic bicyclic ring system optionally substituted with from one or more substituents include the rings U-81 through U-123 illustrated in Exhibit 3 wherein R^(v) is any substituent as defined in the Summary of the Invention for Q¹ (i.e. R⁸), and r is typically an integer from 0 to 5.

Although R^(v) groups are shown in the structures U-1 through U-123, it is noted that they do not need to be present since they are optional substituents. Note that when R^(v) is H when attached to an atom, this is the same as if said atom is unsubstituted. The nitrogen atoms that require substitution to fill their valence are substituted with H or R^(v). Note that when the attachment point between (R^(v))_(r) and the U group is illustrated as floating, (R^(v))_(r) can be attached to any available carbon atom or nitrogen atom of the U group. Note that when the attachment point on the U group is illustrated as floating, the U group can be attached to the remainder of Formula 1 through any available carbon or nitrogen of the U group by replacement of a hydrogen atom. Note that some U groups can only be substituted with less than 4 R^(v) groups (e.g., U-2 through U-5, U-7 through U-48, and U-52 through U-61).

A wide variety of synthetic methods are known in the art to enable preparation of aromatic and nonaromatic heterocyclic rings and ring systems; for extensive reviews see the eight volume set of Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, A. R. Katritzky and C. W. Rees editors-in-chief, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1984 and the twelve volume set of Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II, A. R. Katritzky, C. W. Rees and E. F. V. Scriven editors-in-chief, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1996.

Compounds of this invention can exist as one or more stereoisomers. The various stereoisomers include enantiomers, diastereomers, atropisomers and geometric isomers. Stereoisomers are isomers of identical constitution but differing in the arrangement of their atoms in space and include enantiomers, diastereomers, cis-trans isomers (also known as geometric isomers) and atropisomers. Atropisomers result from restricted rotation about single bonds where the rotational barrier is high enough to permit isolation of the isomeric species. One skilled in the art will appreciate that one stereoisomer may be more active and/or may exhibit beneficial effects when enriched relative to the other stereoisomer(s) or when separated from the other stereoisomer(s). Additionally, the skilled artisan knows how to separate, enrich, and/or to selectively prepare said stereoisomers. The compounds of the invention may be present as a mixture of stereoisomers, individual stereoisomers or as an optically active form.

When enantiomerically enriched, one enantiomer is present in greater amounts than the other, and the extent of enrichment can be defined by an expression of enantiomeric excess (“ee”), which is defined as (2×−1)·100%, where x is the mole fraction of the dominant enantiomer in the mixture (e.g., an ee of 20% corresponds to a 60:40 ratio of enantiomers).

Preferably the compositions of this invention have at least a 50% enantiomeric excess; more preferably at least a 75% enantiomeric excess; still more preferably at least a 90% enantiomeric excess; and the most preferably at least a 94% enantiomeric excess of the more active isomer. Of particular note are enantiomerically pure embodiments of the more active isomer.

Compounds of Formula 1 can comprise additional chiral centers. For example, substituents and other molecular constituents such as R² and R³ may themselves contain chiral centers. This invention comprises racemic mixtures as well as enriched and essentially pure stereoconfigurations at these additional chiral centers.

Compounds of this invention can exist as one or more conformational isomers due to restricted rotation about the amide bond (e.g., C(Y)N(Q²)(R⁷)) in Formula 1. This invention comprises mixtures of conformational isomers. In addition, this invention includes compounds that are enriched in one conformer relative to others.

Compounds of Formula 1 typically exist in more than one form, and Formula 1 thus include all crystalline and non-crystalline forms of the compounds they represent. Non-crystalline forms include embodiments which are solids such as waxes and gums as well as embodiments which are liquids such as solutions and melts. Crystalline forms include embodiments which represent essentially a single crystal type and embodiments which represent a mixture of polymorphs (i.e. different crystalline types). The term “polymorph” refers to a particular crystalline form of a chemical compound that can crystallize in different crystalline forms, these forms having different arrangements and/or conformations of the molecules in the crystal lattice. Although polymorphs can have the same chemical composition, they can also differ in composition due the presence or absence of co-crystallized water or other molecules, which can be weakly or strongly bound in the lattice. Polymorphs can differ in such chemical, physical and biological properties as crystal shape, density, hardness, color, chemical stability, melting point, hygroscopicity, suspensibility, dissolution rate and biological availability. One skilled in the art will appreciate that a polymorph of a compound of Formula 1 can exhibit beneficial effects (e.g., suitability for preparation of useful formulations, improved biological performance) relative to another polymorph or a mixture of polymorphs of the same compound of Formula 1. Preparation and isolation of a particular polymorph of a compound of Formula 1 can be achieved by methods known to those skilled in the art including, for example, crystallization using selected solvents and temperatures. For a comprehensive discussion of polymorphism see R. Hilfiker, Ed., Polymorphism in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2006.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that not all nitrogen-containing heterocycles can form N-oxides since the nitrogen requires an available lone pair for oxidation to the oxide; one skilled in the art will recognize those nitrogen-containing heterocycles which can form N-oxides. One skilled in the art will also recognize that tertiary amines can form N-oxides. Synthetic methods for the preparation of N-oxides of heterocycles and tertiary amines are very well known by one skilled in the art including the oxidation of heterocycles and tertiary amines with peroxy acids such as peracetic and m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA), hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydroperoxides such as t-butyl hydroperoxide, sodium perborate, and dioxiranes such as dimethyldioxirane. These methods for the preparation of N-oxides have been extensively described and reviewed in the literature, see for example: T. L. Gilchrist in Comprehensive Organic Synthesis, vol. 7, pp 748-750, S. V. Ley, Ed., Pergamon Press; M. Tisler and B. Stanovnik in Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 3, pp 18-20, A. J. Boulton and A. McKillop, Eds., Pergamon Press; M. R. Grimmett and B. R. T. Keene in Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 43, pp 149-161, A. R. Katritzky, Ed., Academic Press; M. Tisler and B. Stanovnik in Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 9, pp 285-291, A. R. Katritzky and A. J. Boulton, Eds., Academic Press; and G. W. H. Cheeseman and E. S. G. Werstiuk in Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 22, pp 390-392, A. R. Katritzky and A. J. Boulton, Eds., Academic Press.

One skilled in the art recognizes that because in the environment and under physiological conditions salts of chemical compounds are in equilibrium with their corresponding nonsalt forms, salts share the biological utility of the nonsalt forms. Thus a wide variety of salts of a compound of Formula 1 are useful for control of undesired vegetation (i.e. are agriculturally suitable). The salts of a compound of Formula 1 include acid-addition salts with inorganic or organic acids such as hydrobromic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, acetic, butyric, fumaric, lactic, maleic, malonic, oxalic, propionic, salicylic, tartaric, 4-toluenesulfonic or valeric acids. When a compound of Formula 1 contains an acidic moiety such as a carboxylic acid or phenol, salts also include those formed with organic or inorganic bases such as pyridine, triethylamine or ammonia, or amides, hydrides, hydroxides or carbonates of sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium or barium. Accordingly, the present invention comprises compounds selected from Formula 1, N-oxides and agriculturally suitable salts thereof.

Embodiments of the present invention as described in the Summary of the Invention include (where Formula 1 as used in the following Embodiments includes N-oxides and salts thereof) the following:

-   -   Embodiment 1: A compound of Formula 1 (including all         stereoisomers), N-oxides, and salts thereof, agricultural         compositions containing them and their use as herbicides as         described in the Summary of the Invention.     -   Embodiment 2: A compound of Embodiment 1 wherein Q¹ is a phenyl         or benzyl ring or a naphthalenyl ring system, each ring or ring         system optionally substituted with up to 5 substituents         independently selected from R⁹; or a 5- to 6-membered fully         unsaturated heterocyclic ring, each ring or ring system         containing ring members selected from carbon atoms and 1 to 4         heteroatoms independently selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S and         up to 4 N atoms, wherein up to 3 carbon ring members are         independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S), and the sulfur atom         ring members are independently selected from         S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁸)_(v), each ring or ring system optionally         substituted with up to 5 substituents independently selected         from R⁹ on carbon atom ring members and selected from R¹⁰ on         nitrogen atom ring members.     -   Embodiment 3: A compound of Embodiment 2 wherein Q¹ is a phenyl         ring optionally substituted with up to 5 substituents         independently selected from R⁹; or a 5- to 6-membered fully         unsaturated heterocyclic ring, each ring containing ring members         selected from carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently         selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S and up to 4 N atoms, wherein         up to 3 carbon ring members are independently selected from         C(═O) and C(═S), and the sulfur atom ring members are         independently selected from S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁸)_(v), each ring or         ring system optionally substituted with up to 5 substituents         independently selected from R⁹ on carbon atom ring members and         selected from R¹⁰ on nitrogen atom ring members.     -   Embodiment 4: A compound of Embodiment 3 wherein Q¹ is a phenyl         ring optionally substituted with up to 5 substituents         independently selected from R⁹.     -   Embodiment 5: A compound of Embodiment 4 wherein Q¹ is a phenyl         ring substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected         from R⁹.     -   Embodiment 6: A compound of Embodiment 5 wherein Q¹ is a phenyl         ring substituted with 1 to 2 substituents independently selected         from R⁹.     -   Embodiment 7: A compound of Embodiment 6 wherein Q¹ is a phenyl         ring having a substituent selected from R⁹ at the para (4-)         position (and optionally other substituents).     -   Embodiment 8: A compound of Embodiment 7 wherein when Q¹ is a         phenyl ring substituted with at least two substituents selected         from R⁹, then one substituent is at the para (4-) position and         at least one other substituent is at a meta position (of the         phenyl ring).     -   Embodiment 9: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 3         wherein Q¹ is a 5- to 6-membered fully unsaturated heterocyclic         ring, each ring containing ring members selected from carbon         atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from up to 1         O, up to 1 S and up to 2 N atoms, wherein up to 2 carbon ring         members are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S), and the         sulfur atom ring members are independently selected from         S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁸)_(v), each ring optionally substituted with up to         5 substituents independently selected from R⁹ on carbon atom         ring members and selected from R¹⁰ on nitrogen atom ring         members.     -   Embodiment 10: A compound of Embodiment 9 wherein Q² is a phenyl         ring or a naphthalenyl ring system, each ring or ring system         optionally substituted with up to 5 substituents independently         selected from R¹¹; or a 5- to 6-membered fully unsaturated         heterocyclic ring, each ring containing ring members selected         from carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected         from up to 1 O, up to 1 S and up to 2 N atoms, wherein up to 2         carbon ring members are independently selected from C(═O) and         C(═S), and the sulfur atom ring members are independently         selected from S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁸)_(v), each ring or ring system         optionally substituted with up to 5 substituents independently         selected from R¹¹ on carbon atom ring members and selected from         R¹² on nitrogen atom ring members.     -   Embodiment 11: A compound of Embodiment 10 wherein Q² is a         phenyl ring optionally substituted with up to 5 substituents         independently selected from R¹¹.     -   Embodiment 12: A compound of Embodiment 11 wherein Q² is a         phenyl ring optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents         independently selected from R¹¹.     -   Embodiment 13: A compound of Embodiment 12 wherein Q² is a         phenyl ring substituted with 1 substituent independently         selected from R¹¹ at the 3-position.     -   Embodiment 14: A compound of Embodiment 10 wherein Q² is 5- to         6-membered fully unsaturated heterocyclic ring, each ring         containing ring members selected from carbon atoms and 1 to 4         heteroatoms independently selected from up to 1 O, up to 1 S and         up to 2 N atoms, wherein up to 2 carbon ring members are         independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S), and the sulfur atom         ring members are independently selected from         S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁸)_(v), each ring or ring system optionally         substituted with up to 5 substituents independently selected         from R¹¹ on carbon atom ring members and selected from R¹² on         nitrogen atom ring members.     -   Embodiment 15: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 14         wherein R¹ and R² are each independently H, halogen or C₁-C₄         alkyl.     -   Embodiment 16: A compound of Embodiment 15 wherein R¹ and R² are         each independently H, Cl, or CH₃.     -   Embodiment 17: A compound of Embodiment 16 wherein R¹ and R² are         each independently H or Cl.     -   Embodiment 18: A compound of Embodiment 17 wherein R¹ and R² are         each H.     -   Embodiment 19: A compound any one of Embodiments 1 through 16         wherein Y is O or S.     -   Embodiment 20: A compound of Embodiment 19 wherein Y is O.     -   Embodiment 21: A compound of Embodiment 19 wherein Y is S.     -   Embodiment 22: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 21         wherein A is a saturated, partially unsaturated or fully         unsaturated chain containing 2 to 4 atoms selected from up to 3         carbon, up to 1 O, up to 1 S and up to 1 N atoms, wherein up to         2 carbon members are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S)         and the sulfur atom member is selected from S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁸)_(v);         the said chain optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents         independently selected from R³ on carbon atoms and R⁴ on         nitrogen atoms.     -   Embodiment 23: A compound of Embodiment 22 wherein A is a         saturated or partially unsaturated chain containing 2 to 4 atoms         selected from up to 2 carbon and up to 1 N atoms, wherein up to         1 carbon member is independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S);         the said chain optionally substituted with up to 2 substituents         independently selected from R³ on carbon atoms and R⁴ on         nitrogen atoms.     -   Embodiment 24: A compound of Embodiment 23 wherein A is a         saturated or partially unsaturated chain containing 2 to 3 atoms         selected from up to 2 carbon and up to 1 N atoms, wherein up to         1 carbon member is independently selected from C(═O); the said         chain optionally substituted with up to 1 substituent         independently selected from R³ on carbon atoms and R⁴ on         nitrogen atoms.     -   Embodiment 25: A compound of Embodiment 24 wherein A is         —CH₂CH₂CH₂—, —NCH₂—, —C(═O)CH₂— or —CH═CH— wherein the bond         projecting to the left is connected to nitrogen of the —N-J-         moiety, and the bond projecting to the right is connected to the         nitrogen of the —N═C— (or —N—CH—) moiety of Formula 1.     -   Embodiment 26: A compound of Embodiment 25 wherein A is         —CH₂CH₂CH₂—.     -   Embodiment 27: A compound of Embodiment 25 wherein A is —NCH₂—         wherein the bond projecting to the left is connected to nitrogen         of the —N-J- moiety, and the bond projecting to the right is         connected to the nitrogen of the —N═C— moiety of Formula 1.     -   Embodiment 28: A compound of Embodiment 25 wherein A is         —C(═O)CH₂— wherein the bond projecting to the left is connected         to nitrogen of the —N-J- moiety, and the bond projecting to the         right is connected to the nitrogen of the —N═C— moiety of         Formula 1.     -   Embodiment 29: A compound of Embodiment 25 wherein A is —CH═CH—.     -   Embodiment 30: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 29         wherein each R³ is independently halogen, cyano, hydroxy, —CO₂H,         C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio,         C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl or C₄-C₆ cycloalkylalkyl.     -   Embodiment 31: A compound of Embodiment 30 wherein each R³ is         independently cyano, —CO₂H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₁-C₄         alkylthio or C₄-C₆ cycloalkylalkyl.     -   Embodiment 32: A compound of Embodiment 31 wherein each R³ is         independently cyano, —CO₂H, C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl.     -   Embodiment 33: A compound of Embodiment 32 wherein each R³ is         independently cyano, —CO₂H or C₁-C₄ alkyl.     -   Embodiment 34: A compound of Embodiment 1 wherein two R³ are         taken together with the carbon atom(s) to which they are bonded         to form a C₄ cycloalkyl ring.     -   Embodiment 35: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 34         wherein each R⁴ is independently C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl or         C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl.     -   Embodiment 36: A compound of Embodiment 35 wherein each R⁴ is         independently C₁-C₄ alkyl.     -   Embodiment 37: A compound of Embodiment 36 wherein each R⁴ is         CH₃.     -   Embodiment 38: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 37         wherein J is —CR⁵R⁶—.     -   Embodiment 39: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 37         wherein J is —CR⁵R⁶—CR^(5a)R^(6a)— wherein the —CR⁵R⁶— moiety is         directly connected to N.     -   Embodiment 40: A compound of Embodiment 38 wherein J is —CH₂—.     -   Embodiment 41: A compound of Embodiment 39 wherein J is         —CH₂CH₂—.     -   Embodiment 42: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 39         wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently H, halogen, hydroxy or         CH₃.     -   Embodiment 43: A compound of Embodiment 42 wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are         each independently H or halogen.     -   Embodiment 44: A compound of Embodiment 43 wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are         each H.     -   Embodiment 45: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 39         wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are taken together with the carbon atom to         which they are bonded to form a C₄ cycloalkyl ring.     -   Embodiment 46: A compound of any one of Embodiment 1 through 39         wherein R^(5a) and R^(6a) are each independently H or C₁-C₄         alkyl.     -   Embodiment 47: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 46         wherein R⁷ is H, hydroxy, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,         C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl,         C₂-C₈ alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylcarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminocarbonyl or C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminocarbonyl.     -   Embodiment 48: A compound of Embodiment 47 wherein R⁷ is H,         hydroxy, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl,         C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxyalkyl or C₂-C₈         alkylthioalkyl.     -   Embodiment 49: A compound of Embodiment 48 wherein R⁷ is H,         C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl or C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl.     -   Embodiment 50: A compound of Embodiment 49 wherein R⁷ is H or         C₁-C₆ alkyl.     -   Embodiment 51: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 50         wherein each R⁸ is independently H, cyano or C₂-C₃         alkylcarbonyl.     -   Embodiment 52: A compound of Embodiment 51 wherein each R⁸ is         independently H.     -   Embodiment 53: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 52         wherein each R⁹ is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈         alkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl,         C₁-C₈ nitroalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₈         nitroalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ halocycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂         alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkenyl, C₅-C₁₂         cycloalkylalkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₂ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₈ haloalkoxyalkoxy, C₁-C₄ hydroxyalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ alkoxyalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylaminoalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylaminoalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminoalkyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminoalkyl, —CHO, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylcarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylcarbonyl, —C(═O)OH, C₂-C₈         alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkoxycarbonyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, —C(═O)NH₂,         C₂-C₈ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkoxy, C₂-C₈         alkoxyalkoxy, C₂-C₈ alkenyloxy, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyloxy, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyhaloalkoxy, C₃-C₈ alkynyloxy, C₃-C₈ haloalkynyloxy,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkoxy, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkoxy, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkoxy, C₃-C₁₀ alkylcarbonylalkoxy, C₂-C₈         alkylcarbonyloxy, C₂-C₈ haloalkylcarbonyloxy or C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylcarbonyloxy.     -   Embodiment 54: A compound of Embodiment 53 wherein each R⁹ is         independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₄         cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₁-C₈         nitroalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₈         nitroalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ halocycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂         alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkenyl, C₅-C₁₂         cycloalkylalkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₂ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₈ haloalkoxyalkoxy, C₁-C₄ hydroxyalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ alkoxyalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylaminoalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylaminoalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminoalkyl or C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminoalkyl.     -   Embodiment 55: A compound of Embodiment 54 wherein each R⁹ is         independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₄         cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₁-C₈         nitroalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₈         nitroalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ halocycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂         alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkenyl, C₅-C₁₂         cycloalkylalkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkyl or C₆-C₁₂ cycloalkylcycloalkyl.     -   Embodiment 56: A compound of Embodiment 55 wherein each R⁹ is         independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₄         cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy or C₁-C₈ haloalkyl.     -   Embodiment 57: A compound of Embodiment 56 wherein each R⁹ is         independently halogen or C₁-C₈ haloalkyl.     -   Embodiment 58: A compound of Embodiment 57 wherein each R⁹ is         independently F, Cl or CF₃.     -   Embodiment 59: A compound of Embodiment 58 wherein each R⁹ is         independently F or CF₃.     -   Embodiment 60: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 59         wherein each R¹¹ is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈         alkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl,         C₁-C₈ nitroalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₈         nitroalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ halocycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂         alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkenyl, C₅-C₁₂         cycloalkylalkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₂ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₈ haloalkoxyalkoxy, C₁-C₄ hydroxyalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ alkoxyalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylaminoalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylaminoalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminoalkyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminoalkyl, —CHO, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylcarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylcarbonyl, —C(═O)OH, C₂-C₈         alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkoxycarbonyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, —C(═O)NH₂,         C₂-C₈ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkoxy, C₂-C₈         alkoxyalkoxy, C₂-C₈ alkenyloxy, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyloxy, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyhaloalkoxy, C₃-C₈ alkynyloxy, C₃-C₈ haloalkynyloxy,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkoxy, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkoxy, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkoxy, C₃-C₁₀ alkylcarbonylalkoxy, C₂-C₈         alkylcarbonyloxy, C₂-C₈ haloalkylcarbonyloxy, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyloxy, C₁-C₈         haloalkylsulfonyloxy, C₁-C₈ alkylthio, C₁-C₈ haloalkylthio,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkylthio, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈         haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₈ haloalkylsulfonyl,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfonyl, formylamino, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonylamino,         C₂-C₈ haloalkylcarbonylamino or C₂-C₈ alkoxycarbonylamino.     -   Embodiment 61: A compound of Embodiment 60 wherein each R¹¹ is         independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₄         cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₁-C₈         nitroalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₈         nitroalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ halocycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂         alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkenyl, C₅-C₁₂         cycloalkylalkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₂ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₈ haloalkoxyalkoxy, C₁-C₄ hydroxyalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ alkoxyalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyloxy, C₁-C₈         haloalkylsulfonyloxy, C₁-C₈ alkylthio, C₁-C₈ haloalkylthio,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkylthio, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈         haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₈ haloalkylsulfonyl         or C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfonyl.     -   Embodiment 62: A compound of Embodiment 61 wherein each R¹¹ is         independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₄         cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₁-C₈         nitroalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₈         nitroalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ halocycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂         alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkenyl, C₅-C₁₂         cycloalkylalkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₈         haloalkylsulfonyl or C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfonyl.     -   Embodiment 63: A compound of Embodiment 62 wherein each R¹¹ is         independently halogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl or C₁-C₈         alkylsulfonyl.     -   Embodiment 64: A compound of Embodiment 63 wherein each R¹¹ is         independently F, Cl, CH₃, CF₃ or —SO₂CF₃.     -   Embodiment 65: A compound of Embodiment 64 wherein each R¹¹ is         independently F, Cl, CH₃, CF₃ or —SO₂CF₃.     -   Embodiment 66: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 65         wherein each R¹⁰ and R¹² is independently C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₆         cycloalkyl, C₂-C₃ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₃         alkoxycarbonyl or C₂-C₃ alkylaminoalkyl.     -   Embodiment 67: A compound of Embodiment 66 wherein each R¹⁰ and         R¹² is independently C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl or C₂-C₃         alkoxyalkyl.     -   Embodiment 68: A compound of Embodiment 67 wherein each R¹⁰ and         R¹² is independently C₁-C₃ alkyl.     -   Embodiment 69: A compound of Embodiment 68 wherein each R¹⁰ and         R¹² is independently CH₃.     -   Embodiment 70: A compound of Embodiment 1 wherein Q¹ is an 8- to         10-membered heteroaromatic bicyclic ring system, each ring         system containing ring members selected from carbon atoms and 1         to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from up to 2 O and up to         2 N atoms, wherein up to 3 carbon ring members are independently         selected from C(═O) and C(═S), each ring system optionally         substituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected         from R⁹ on carbon atom ring members and selected from R¹⁰ on         nitrogen atom ring members.     -   Embodiment 71: A compound of Embodiment 70 wherein Q¹ is an 8-         to 9-membered heteroaromatic bicyclic ring system, each ring         system containing ring members selected from carbon atoms and 1         to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from up to 2 O atoms,         each ring system optionally substituted with up to 4         substituents independently selected from R⁹ on carbon atom ring         members.     -   Embodiment 72: A compound of Embodiment 71 wherein Q¹ is an         9-membered heteroaromatic bicyclic ring system containing ring         members selected from carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms         independently selected from up to 2 O atoms, each ring system         optionally substituted with up to 4 substituents independently         selected from R⁹ on carbon atom ring members.     -   Embodiment 73: A compound of Embodiment 72 wherein Q¹ is an         9-membered heteroaromatic bicyclic ring system containing ring         members selected from carbon atoms and 2 O atoms, system         optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents independently         selected from R⁹ on carbon atom ring members (i.e. U-103 in         Exhibit 3).     -   Embodiment 74: A compound of Embodiment 73 wherein Q¹ is U-103A;

-   -   Embodiment 75. A compound of any one of Embodiments 1, 2 and 10         through 69 wherein Q¹ is a phenyl ring optionally substituted         with 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁹; or a 5-         to 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing ring members         selected from carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently         selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S and up to 4 N atoms,         optionally substituted with up to 4 substituents independently         selected from R⁹ on carbon atom ring members and selected from         R¹⁰ on nitrogen atom ring members.     -   Embodiment 76: A compound of Embodiment 1 wherein Q² is a phenyl         ring optionally substituted with up to 5 substituents         independently selected from R¹¹; or a 5- to 6-membered fully         unsaturated heterocyclic ring, each ring containing ring members         selected from carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently         selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S and up to 4 N atoms, each         ring or ring system optionally substituted with up to 5         substituents independently selected from R¹¹ on carbon atom ring         members and selected from R¹² on nitrogen atom ring members.     -   Embodiment 77: A compound of Embodiment 1 or 76 wherein Q² is a         phenyl ring optionally substituted with up to 5 substituents         independently selected from R¹¹; or a 6-membered fully         unsaturated heterocyclic ring, each ring containing ring members         selected from carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently         selected from up to 4 N atoms, each ring or ring system         optionally substituted with up to 5 substituents independently         selected from R¹¹ on carbon atom ring members.     -   Embodiment 78: A compound of Embodiment 77 wherein Q² is a         phenyl ring optionally substituted with up to 4 substituents         independently selected from R¹¹; or a pyridyl ring, optionally         substituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected         from R¹¹ on carbon atom ring members.     -   Embodiment 79: A compound of Embodiment 78 wherein Q² is a         3-pyridyl ring optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents         independently selected from R¹¹ on carbon atom ring members.     -   Embodiment 80: A compound of Embodiment 79 wherein Q² is a         3-pyridyl ring optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents         independently selected from C₁-C₈ alkyl or C₁-C₈ haloalkyl.     -   Embodiment 81: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 56         or 60 through 80 wherein each R⁹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₈         alkyl or C₁-C₈ haloalkyl.     -   Embodiment 82: A compound of Embodiment 81 wherein each R⁹ is         independently Cl, F, CH₃ or CF₃.     -   Embodiment 83: A compound of Embodiment 82 wherein each R⁹ is         independently CH₃.     -   Embodiment 84: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 64         or 66 through 83 wherein each R¹¹ is independently F, Cl, CH₃ or         CF₃.     -   Embodiment 85: A compound of Embodiment 24 wherein A is         —CH₂CH₂CH₂—, —CH═N—, —C(═O)CH₂— or —CH═CH— wherein the bond         projecting to the left is connected to nitrogen of the —N-J-         moiety, and the bond projecting to the right is connected to the         nitrogen of the —N═C— (or —N—CH—) moiety of Formula 1.     -   Embodiment 86: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 24         or 30 through 84 wherein A is —CH₂CH₂CH₂—, —CH═N—, —C(CH₃)═N—,         —(CH₂CH₃)═N—, —C(CH₂CH₂CH₃)═N—, —C(CF₃)═N—, —C(═O)CH₂— or         —CH═CH— wherein the bond projecting to the left is connected to         nitrogen of the —N-J- moiety, and the bond projecting to the         right is connected to the nitrogen of the —N═C— (or —N—CH—)         moiety of Formula 1.     -   Embodiment 87: A compound of Embodiment 86 wherein A is —CH═N—,         —C(CH₃)═N—, —C(CH₂CH₃)═N—, —C(CH₂CH₂CH₃)═N— or —C(CF₃)═N—         wherein the bond projecting to the left is connected to nitrogen         of the —N-J-moiety, and the bond projecting to the right is         connected to the nitrogen of the —N═C— (or —N—CH—) moiety of         Formula 1.     -   Embodiment 88: A compound of any one of Embodiments 1 through 24         or 30 through 84 wherein A is —C(R³)═N— wherein the bond         projecting to the left is connected to nitrogen of the —N-J-         moiety, and the bond projecting to the right is connected to the         nitrogen of the —N═C— (or —N—CH—) moiety of Formula 1.     -   Embodiment 89: A compound of Embodiment 88 wherein A is —CH═N—.     -   Embodiment 90: A compound of Embodiment 88 wherein A is         —C(CH₃)═N—.     -   Embodiment 91: A compound of Embodiment 88 wherein A is         —C(CH₂CH₃)═N—.

Embodiments of this invention, including Embodiments 1-91 above as well as any other embodiments described herein, can be combined in any manner, and the descriptions of variables in the embodiments pertain not only to the compounds of Formula 1 but also to the starting compounds and intermediate compounds useful for preparing the compounds of Formula 1. In addition, embodiments of this invention, including Embodiments 1-91 above as well as any other embodiments described herein, and any combination thereof, pertain to the compositions and methods of the present invention.

Embodiment A. A compound of Formula 1 wherein:

-   -   Q¹ is a phenyl or benzyl ring or a naphthalenyl ring system,         each ring or ring system optionally substituted with up to 5         substituents independently selected from R⁹; or a 5- to         6-membered fully unsaturated heterocyclic ring, each ring or         ring system containing ring members selected from carbon atoms         and 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from up to 2 O, up         to 2 S and up to 4 N atoms, wherein up to 3 carbon ring members         are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S), and the sulfur         atom ring members are independently selected from         S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁸)_(v), each ring or ring system optionally         substituted with up to 5 substituents independently selected         from R⁹ on carbon atom ring members and selected from R¹⁰ on         nitrogen atom ring members;     -   Q² is a phenyl ring or a naphthalenyl ring system, each ring or         ring system optionally substituted with up to 5 substituents         independently selected from R¹¹; or a 5- to 6-membered fully         unsaturated heterocyclic ring, each ring containing ring members         selected from carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently         selected from up to 1 O, up to 1 S and up to 2 N atoms, wherein         up to 2 carbon ring members are independently selected from         C(═O) and C(═S), and the sulfur atom ring members are         independently selected from S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁸)_(v), each ring or         ring system optionally substituted with up to 5 substituents         independently selected from R¹¹ on carbon atom ring members and         selected from R¹² on nitrogen atom ring members;     -   R¹ and R² are each independently H, halogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl;     -   Y is O or S;     -   A is a saturated, partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated         chain containing 2 to 4 atoms selected from up to 3 carbon, up         to 1 O, up to 1 S and up to 1 N atoms, wherein up to 2 carbon         members are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S) and the         sulfur atom member is selected from S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁸)_(v); the         said chain optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents         independently selected from R³ on carbon atoms and R⁴ on         nitrogen atoms;     -   each R³ is independently halogen, cyano, hydroxy, —CO₂H, C₁-C₄         alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₃-C₆         cycloalkyl or C₄-C₆ cycloalkylalkyl;     -   each R⁴ is independently C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl or C₃-C₆         cycloalkyl;     -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently H, halogen, hydroxy or CH₃;     -   R^(5a) and R^(6a) are each independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;     -   R⁷ is H, hydroxy, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆         alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl,         C₂-C₈ alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylcarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminocarbonyl or C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminocarbonyl;     -   each R⁸ is independently H, cyano or C₂-C₃ alkylcarbonyl;     -   each R⁹ is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈ alkyl,         C₁-C₄ cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₁-C₈         nitroalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₈         nitroalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ halocycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂         alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkenyl, C₅-C₁₂         cycloalkylalkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₂ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₈ haloalkoxyalkoxy, C₁-C₄ hydroxyalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ alkoxyalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylaminoalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylaminoalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminoalkyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminoalkyl, —CHO, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylcarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylcarbonyl, —C(═O)OH, C₂-C₈         alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkoxycarbonyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, —C(═O)NH₂,         C₂-C₈ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkoxy, C₂-C₈         alkoxyalkoxy, C₂-C₈ alkenyloxy, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyloxy, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyhaloalkoxy, C₃-C₈ alkynyloxy, C₃-C₈ haloalkynyloxy,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkoxy, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkoxy, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkoxy, C₃-C₁₀ alkylcarbonylalkoxy, C₂-C₈         alkylcarbonyloxy, C₂-C₈ haloalkylcarbonyloxy or C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylcarbonyloxy;     -   each R¹¹ is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈ alkyl,         C₁-C₄ cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₁-C₈         nitroalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₈         nitroalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ halocycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂         alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkenyl, C₅-C₁₂         cycloalkylalkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₂ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₈ haloalkoxyalkoxy, C₁-C₄ hydroxyalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ alkoxyalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylaminoalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylaminoalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminoalkyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminoalkyl, —CHO, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylcarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylcarbonyl, —C(═O)OH, C₂-C₈         alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkoxycarbonyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl, —C(═O)NH₂,         C₂-C₈ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkoxy, C₂-C₈         alkoxyalkoxy, C₂-C₈ alkenyloxy, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyloxy, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyhaloalkoxy, C₃-C₈ alkynyloxy, C₃-C₈ haloalkynyloxy,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkoxy, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkoxy, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkoxy, C₃-C₁₀ alkylcarbonylalkoxy, C₂-C₈         alkylcarbonyloxy, C₂-C₈ haloalkylcarbonyloxy, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyloxy, C₁-C₈         haloalkylsulfonyloxy, C₁-C₈ alkylthio, C₁-C₈ haloalkylthio,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkylthio, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈         haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₈ haloalkylsulfonyl,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfonyl, formylamino, C₂-C₈ alkylcarbonylamino,         C₂-C₈ haloalkylcarbonylamino or C₂-C₈ alkoxycarbonylamino; and     -   each R¹⁰ and R¹² is independently C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl,         C₂-C₃ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₃ alkoxycarbonyl or         C₂-C₃ alkylaminoalkyl.         Embodiment B. A compound of Embodiment A wherein     -   Q¹ is a phenyl ring optionally substituted with up to 5         substituents independently selected from R⁹; or a 5- to         6-membered fully unsaturated heterocyclic ring, each ring         containing ring members selected from carbon atoms and 1 to 4         heteroatoms independently selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S and         up to 4 N atoms, wherein up to 3 carbon ring members are         independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S), and the sulfur atom         ring members are independently selected from         S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁸)_(v), each ring or ring system optionally         substituted with up to 5 substituents independently selected         from R⁹ on carbon atom ring members and selected from R¹⁰ on         nitrogen atom ring members;     -   Q² is a phenyl ring optionally substituted with up to 5         substituents independently selected from R¹¹;     -   R¹ and R² are each independently H, Cl, or CH₃;     -   Y is O;     -   A is a saturated or partially unsaturated chain containing 2 to         4 atoms selected from up to 2 carbon and up to 1 N atoms,         wherein up to 1 carbon member is independently selected from         C(═O) and C(═S); the said chain optionally substituted with up         to 2 substituents independently selected from R³ on carbon atoms         and R⁴ on nitrogen atoms;     -   each R³ is independently cyano, —CO₂H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄         haloalkyl, C₁-C₄ alkylthio or C₄-C₆ cycloalkylalkyl;     -   each R⁴ is independently C₁-C₄ alkyl;     -   J is —CR⁵R⁶—;     -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently H or halogen;     -   R⁷ is H, hydroxy, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆         alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkoxyalkyl         or C₂-C₈ alkylthioalkyl;     -   each R⁸ is independently H;     -   each R⁹ is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈ alkyl,         C₁-C₄ cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₁-C₈         nitroalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₈         nitroalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ halocycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂         alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkenyl, C₅-C₁₂         cycloalkylalkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₂ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₈ haloalkoxyalkoxy, C₁-C₄ hydroxyalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ alkoxyalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylaminoalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkylaminoalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylaminoalkyl or C₃-C₁₀         dialkylaminoalkyl;     -   each R¹¹ is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈ alkyl,         C₁-C₄ cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₁-C₈         nitroalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₈         nitroalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ halocycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂         alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkenyl, C₅-C₁₂         cycloalkylalkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₂ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         haloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₈ haloalkoxyalkoxy, C₁-C₄ hydroxyalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ alkoxyalkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylthioalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkylsulfinylalkyl, C₂-C₈         alkylsulfonylalkyl, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyloxy, C₁-C₈         haloalkylsulfonyloxy, C₁-C₈ alkylthio, C₁-C₈ haloalkylthio,         C₃-C₈ cycloalkylthio, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈         haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₈ haloalkylsulfonyl         or C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfonyl; and     -   each R¹⁰ and R¹² is independently C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl         or C₂-C₃ alkoxyalkyl.         Embodiment C. A compound of Embodiment B wherein     -   Q¹ is a phenyl ring optionally substituted with up to 5         substituents independently selected from R⁹;     -   Q² is a phenyl ring optionally substituted with up to 3         substituents independently selected from R¹¹;     -   R¹ and R² are each independently H or Cl;     -   A is a saturated or partially unsaturated chain containing 2 to         3 atoms selected from up to 2 carbon and up to 1 N atoms,         wherein up to 1 carbon member is independently selected from         C(═O); the said chain optionally substituted with up to 1         substituent independently selected from R³ on carbon atoms and         R⁴ on nitrogen atoms;     -   each R³ is independently cyano, —CO₂H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;     -   each R⁴ is CH₃;     -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently H or halogen;     -   R⁷ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl or C₂-C₈         alkoxyalkyl;     -   each R⁹ is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈ alkyl,         C₁-C₄ cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₁-C₈         nitroalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₈         nitroalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ halocycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂         alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkenyl, C₅-C₁₂         cycloalkylalkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ halocycloalkyl,         C₄-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkyl or C₆-C₁₂ cycloalkylcycloalkyl; and     -   each R¹¹ is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈ alkyl,         C₁-C₄ cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₁-C₈         nitroalkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₈         nitroalkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl, C₄-C₁₀         cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ halocycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂         alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkylalkenyl, C₅-C₁₂         cycloalkylalkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₈         haloalkylsulfonyl or C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfonyl.         Embodiment D. A compound of Embodiment C wherein     -   Q¹ is a phenyl ring substituted with 1 to 3 substituents         independently selected from R⁹;     -   Q² is a phenyl ring substituted with 1 substituent independently         selected from R¹¹ at the 3-position;     -   R¹ and R² are each H;     -   A is —CH₂CH₂CH₂—, —NCH₂—, —C(═O)CH₂— or —CH═CH— wherein the bond         projecting to the left is connected to nitrogen of the —N-J-         moiety, and the bond projecting to the right is connected to the         nitrogen of the —N═C— moiety of Formula 1;     -   each R⁹ is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈ alkyl,         C₁-C₄ cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy or C₁-C₈ haloalkyl; and     -   each R¹¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl         or C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyl.         Embodiment E. A compound of Embodiment D wherein     -   Q¹ is a phenyl ring substituted with 1 to 2 substituents         independently selected from R⁹;     -   A is —CH₂CH₂CH₂—;     -   each R⁹ is independently halogen or C₁-C₈ haloalkyl; and     -   each R¹¹ is independently F, Cl, CH₃, CF₃ or —SO₂CF₃.         Embodiment F. A compound of Embodiment D wherein     -   Q¹ is a phenyl ring substituted with 1 to 2 substituents         independently selected from R⁹;     -   A is —NCH₂— wherein the bond projecting to the left is connected         to nitrogen of the —N-J- moiety, and the bond projecting to the         right is connected to the nitrogen of the —N═C— moiety of         Formula 1;     -   each R⁹ is independently F, Cl, CF₃; and     -   each R¹¹ is independently F, Cl, CH₃, CF₃ or —SO₂CF₃.         Embodiment G. A compound of Embodiment C wherein     -   A is —CH₂CH₂CH₂—, —CH═N—, —C(CH₃)═N—, —(CH₂CH₃)═N—,         —C(CH₂CH₂CH₃)═N—, —C(CF₃)═N—, —C(═O)CH₂— or —CH═CH— wherein the         bond projecting to the left is connected to nitrogen of the         —N-J- moiety, and the bond projecting to the right is connected         to the nitrogen of the —N═C— (or —N—CH—) moiety of Formula 1;     -   each R⁹ is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₈ alkyl,         C₁-C₄ cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₄ cyanoalkoxy or C₁-C₈ haloalkyl; and     -   each R¹¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl         or C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyl.         Embodiment H. A compound of Embodiment G wherein     -   A is —CH═N—, —C(CH₃)═N—, —C(CH₂CH₃)═N—, —C(CH₂CH₂CH₃)═N— or         —C(CF₃)═N— wherein the bond projecting to the left is connected         to nitrogen of the —N-J- moiety, and the bond projecting to the         right is connected to the nitrogen of the —N═C— (or —N—CH—)         moiety of Formula 1;     -   each R⁹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl or C₁-C₈         haloalkyl; and     -   each R¹¹ is independently F, Cl, CH₃ or CF₃.         Specific Embodiments of the Invention include a compound of the         Summary of the Invention selected from:     -   N-(2-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c]-1,2,4-triazole-7-carboxamide;         and     -   N-(2-fluorophenyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-3-oxo-6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pheny]-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole-7-carboxamide.

This invention also relates to a method for controlling undesired vegetation comprising applying to the locus of the vegetation herbicidally effective amounts of the compounds of the invention (e.g., as a composition described herein). Of note as embodiments relating to methods of use are those involving the compounds of embodiments described above. Compounds of the invention are particularly useful for selective control of broadleaf weeds in crops such as wheat, barley, maize, soybean, sunflower, cotton, oilseed rape and rice, and specialty crops such as sugarcane, citrus, fruit and nut crops.

Also noteworthy as embodiments are herbicidal compositions of the present invention comprising the compounds of embodiments described above.

This invention also includes a herbicidal mixture comprising (a) a compound selected from Formula 1, N-oxides, and salts thereof, and (b) at least one additional active ingredient selected from (b1) photosystem II inhibitors, (b2) acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors, (b3) acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, (b4) auxin mimics, (b5) 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitors, (b6) photosystem I electron diverters, (b7) protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, (b8) glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitors, (b9) very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) elongase inhibitors, (b10) auxin transport inhibitors, (b11) phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors, (b12) 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, (b13) homogentisate solenesyltransererase (HST) inhibitors, (b14) cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, (b15) other herbicides including mitotic disruptors, organic arsenicals, asulam, bromobutide, cinmethylin, cumyluron, dazomet, difenzoquat, dymron, etobenzanid, flurenol, fosamine, fosamine-ammonium, hydantocidin, metam, methyldymron, oleic acid, oxaziclomefone, pelargonic acid and pyributicarb, and (b16) herbicide safeners; and salts of compounds of (b1) through (b16).

“Photosystem II inhibitors” (b1) are chemical compounds that bind to the D-1 protein at the Q_(B)-binding niche and thus block electron transport from Q_(A) to Q_(B) in the chloroplast thylakoid membranes. The electrons blocked from passing through photosystem II are transferred through a series of reactions to form toxic compounds that disrupt cell membranes and cause chloroplast swelling, membrane leakage, and ultimately cellular destruction. The Q_(B)-binding niche has three different binding sites: binding site A binds the triazines such as atrazine, triazinones such as hexazinone, and uracils such as bromacil, binding site B binds the phenylureas such as diuron, and binding site C binds benzothiadiazoles such as bentazon, nitriles such as bromoxynil and phenyl-pyridazines such as pyridate. Examples of photosystem II inhibitors include ametryn, amicarbazone, atrazine, bentazon, bromacil, bromofenoxim, bromoxynil, chlorbromuron, chloridazon, chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, cumyluron, cyanazine, daimuron, desmedipham, desmetryn, dimefuron, dimethametryn, diuron, ethidimuron, fenuron, fluometuron, hexazinone, ioxynil, isoproturon, isouron, lenacil, linuron, metamitron, methabenzthiazuron, metobromuron, metoxuron, metribuzin, monolinuron, neburon, pentanochlor, phenmedipham, prometon, prometryn, propanil, propazine, pyridafol, pyridate, siduron, simazine, simetryn, tebuthiuron, terbacil, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryn and trietazine. Of note is a compound of the invention mixed with atrazine, bromoxynil or metribuzin.

“AHAS inhibitors” (b2) are chemical compounds that inhibit acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS), also known as acetolactate synthase (ALS), and thus kill plants by inhibiting the production of the branched-chain aliphatic amino acids such as valine, leucine and isoleucine, which are required for protein synthesis and cell growth. Examples of AHAS inhibitors include amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, bispyribac-sodium, cloransulam-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, cyclosulfamuron, diclosulam, ethametsulfuron-methyl, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, florasulam, flucarbazone-sodium, flumetsulam, flupyrsulfuron-methyl, flupyrsulfuron-sodium, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, imazamethabenz-methyl, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl (including sodium salt), iofensulfuron (2-iodo-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide), mesosulfuron-methyl, metazosulfuron (3-chloro-4-(5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-1,4,2-dioxazin-3-yl)-N-[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-sulfonamide), metosulam, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, penoxsulam, primisulfuron-methyl, propoxycarbazone-sodium, propyrisulfuron (2-chloro-N-[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]-6-propylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-3-sulfonamide), prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, pyribenzoxim, pyriftalid, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrithiobac-sodium, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl, sulfosulfuron, thiencarbazone, thifensulfuron-methyl, triafamone (N-[2-[(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)carbonyl]-6-fluorophenyl]-1,1-difluoro-N-methylmethanesulfonamide), triasulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, trifloxysulfuron (including sodium salt), triflusulfuron-methyl and tritosulfuron. Of note is a compound of the invention mixed with nicosulfuron, flupyrsulfuron or chlorimuron.

“ACCase inhibitors” (b3) are chemical compounds that inhibit the acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme, which is responsible for catalyzing an early step in lipid and fatty acid synthesis in plants. Lipids are essential components of cell membranes, and without them, new cells cannot be produced. The inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase and the subsequent lack of lipid production leads to losses in cell membrane integrity, especially in regions of active growth such as meristems. Eventually shoot and rhizome growth ceases, and shoot meristems and rhizome buds begin to die back. Examples of ACCase inhibitors include alloxydim, butroxydim, clethodim, clodinafop, cycloxydim, cyhalofop, diclofop, fenoxaprop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, pinoxaden, profoxydim, propaquizafop, quizalofop, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim and tralkoxydim, including resolved forms such as fenoxaprop-P, fluazifop-P, haloxyfop-P and quizalofop-P and ester forms such as clodinafop-propargyl, cyhalofop-butyl, diclofop-methyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl. Of note is a compound of the invention mixed with pinoxaden or quizalofop.

Auxin is a plant hormone that regulates growth in many plant tissues. “Auxin mimics” (b4) are chemical compounds mimicking the plant growth hormone auxin, thus causing uncontrolled and disorganized growth leading to plant death in susceptible species. Examples of auxin mimics include aminocyclopyrachlor (6-amino-5-chloro-2-cyclopropyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) and its methyl and ethyl esters and its sodium and potassium salts, aminopyralid, benazolin-ethyl, chloramben, clacyfos, clomeprop, clopyralid, dicamba, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, fluroxypyr, halauxifen (4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid), halauxifen-methyl (methyl 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-pyridinecarboxylate), MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop, picloram, quinclorac, quinmerac, 2,3,6-TBA, triclopyr, and methyl 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoro-2-pyridinecarboxylate. Of note is a compound of the invention mixed with dicamba.

“EPSP synthase inhibitors” (b5) are chemical compounds that inhibit the enzyme, 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, which is involved in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. EPSP inhibitor herbicides are readily absorbed through plant foliage and translocated in the phloem to the growing points. Glyphosate is a relatively nonselective postemergence herbicide that belongs to this group. Glyphosate includes esters and salts such as ammonium, isopropylammonium, potassium, sodium (including sesquisodium) and trimesium (alternatively named sulfosate).

“Photosystem I electron diverters” (b6) are chemical compounds that accept electrons from Photosystem I, and after several cycles, generate hydroxyl radicals. These radicals are extremely reactive and readily destroy unsaturated lipids, including membrane fatty acids and chlorophyll. This destroys cell membrane integrity, so that cells and organelles “leak”, leading to rapid leaf wilting and desiccation, and eventually to plant death. Examples of this second type of photosynthesis inhibitor include diquat and paraquat.

“PPO inhibitors” (b7) are chemical compounds that inhibit the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase, quickly resulting in formation of highly reactive compounds in plants that rupture cell membranes, causing cell fluids to leak out. Examples of PPO inhibitors include acifluorfen-sodium, azafenidin, benzfendizone, bifenox, butafenacil, carfentrazone, carfentrazone-ethyl, chlomethoxyfen, cinidon-ethyl, fluazolate, flufenpyr-ethyl, flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, halosafen, lactofen, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, pentoxazone, profluazol, pyraclonil, pyraflufen-ethyl, saflufenacil, sulfentrazone, thidiazimin, trifludimoxazin (dihydro-1,5-dimehyl-6-thioxo-3-[2,2,7-trifluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-4-(2-propyn-1-yl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione) and tiafenacil (methyl N-[2-[[2-chloro-5-[3,6-dihydro-3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl]-4-fluorophenyl]thio]-1-oxopropyl]-3-alaninate).

“GS inhibitors” (b8) are chemical compounds that inhibit the activity of the glutamine synthetase enzyme, which plants use to convert ammonia into glutamine. Consequently, ammonia accumulates and glutamine levels decrease. Plant damage probably occurs due to the combined effects of ammonia toxicity and deficiency of amino acids required for other metabolic processes. The GS inhibitors include glufosinate and its esters and salts such as glufosinate-ammonium and other phosphinothricin derivatives, glufosinate-P ((2S)-2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid) and bilanaphos.

“VLCFA elongase inhibitors” (b9) are herbicides having a wide variety of chemical structures, which inhibit the elongase. Elongase is one of the enzymes located in or near chloroplasts which are involved in biosynthesis of VLCFAs. In plants, very-long-chain fatty acids are the main constituents of hydrophobic polymers that prevent desiccation at the leaf surface and provide stability to pollen grains. Such herbicides include acetochlor, alachlor, anilofos, butachlor, cafenstrole, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, diphenamid, fenoxasulfone (3-[[(2,5-dichloro-4-ethoxyphenyl)methyl]sulfonyl]-4,5-dihydro-5,5-dimethylisoxazole), fentrazamide, flufenacet, indanofan, mefenacet, metazachlor, metolachlor, naproanilide, napropamide, napropamide-M ((2R)—N,N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthalenyloxy)propanamide), pethoxamid, piperophos, pretilachlor, propachlor, propisochlor, pyroxasulfone, and thenylchlor, including resolved forms such as S-metolachlor and chloroacetamides and oxyacetamides. Of note is a compound of the invention mixed with flufenacet.

“Auxin transport inhibitors” (b10) are chemical substances that inhibit auxin transport in plants, such as by binding with an auxin-carrier protein. Examples of auxin transport inhibitors include diflufenzopyr, naptalam (also known as N-(1-naphthyl)phthalamic acid and 2-[(1-naphthalenylamino)carbonyl]benzoic acid).

“PDS inhibitors” (b11) are chemical compounds that inhibit carotenoid biosynthesis pathway at the phytoene desaturase step. Examples of PDS inhibitors include beflubutamid, diflufenican, fluridone, flurochloridone, flurtamone norflurzon and picolinafen.

“HPPD inhibitors” (b12) are chemical substances that inhibit the biosynthesis of synthesis of 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase. Examples of HPPD inhibitors include benzobicyclon, benzofenap, bicyclopyrone (4-hydroxy-3-[[2-[(2-methoxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl]carbonyl]bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-2-one), fenquinotrione (2-[[8-chloro-3,4-dihydro-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxo-2-quinoxalinyl]carbonyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione), isoxachlortole, isoxaflutole, mesotrione, pyrasulfotole, pyrazolynate, pyrazoxyfen, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, tolpyralate (1-[[1-ethyl-4-[3-(2-methoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]oxy]ethyl methyl carbonate), topramezone, 5-chloro-3-[(2-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)carbonyl]-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2(1H)-quinoxalinone, 4-(2,6-diethyl-4-methylphenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone, 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-[(2-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)carbonyl]-2-methyl-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione, 5-[(2-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)carbonyl]-2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(3-methoxypropyl)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone, 2-methyl-N-(4-methyl-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-(methylsulfinyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide and 2-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)-N-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. Of note is a compound of the invention mixed with mesotrione or pyrasulfatole.

“HST inhibitors” (b13) disrupt a plant's ability to convert homogentisate to 2-methyl-6-solanyl-1,4-benzoquinone, thereby disrupting carotenoid biosynthesis. Examples of HST inhibitors include haloxydine, pyriclor, cyclopyrimorate (6-chloro-3-(2-cyclopropyl-6-methylphenoxy)-4-pyridazinyl 4-morpholinecarboxylate), 3-(2-chloro-3,6-difluorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,5-naphthyridin-2(1H)-one, 7-(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)-5-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-8-hydroxypyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-6(5H)-one and 4-(2,6-diethyl-4-methylphenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone.

HST inhibitors also include compounds of Formulae A and B.

-   wherein R^(d1) is H, Cl or CF₃; R^(d2) is H, Cl or Br; R^(d3) is H     or Cl; R^(d4) is H, Cl or CF₃; R^(d5) is CH₃, CH₂CH₃ or CH₂CHF₂; and     R^(d6) is OH, or —OC(═O)-i-Pr; and R^(e1) is H, F, Cl, CH₃ or     CH₂CH₃; R^(e2) is H or CF₃; R^(e3) is H, CH₃ or CH₂CH₃; R^(e4) is H,     F or Br; R^(e5) is Cl, CH₃, CF₃, OCF₃ or CH₂CH₃; R^(e6) is H, CH₃,     CH₂CHF₂ or C═CH; R^(e7) is OH, —OC(═O)Et, —OC(═O)-i-Pr or     —OC(═O)-t-Bu; and A^(e8) is N or CH.

“Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors” (b14) inhibit the biosynthesis of cellulose in certain plants. They are most effective when applied preemergence or early postemergence on young or rapidly growing plants. Examples of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors include chlorthiamid, dichlobenil, flupoxam, indaziflam (N²-[(1R,2S)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-H-inden-1-yl]-6-(1-fluoroethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), isoxaben and triaziflam.

“Other herbicides” (b15) include herbicides that act through a variety of different modes of action such as mitotic disruptors (e.g., flamprop-M-methyl and flamprop-M-isopropyl), organic arsenicals (e.g., DSMA, and MSMA), 7,8-dihydropteroate synthase inhibitors, chloroplast isoprenoid synthesis inhibitors and cell-wall biosynthesis inhibitors. Other herbicides include those herbicides having unknown modes of action or do not fall into a specific category listed in (b1) through (b14) or act through a combination of modes of action listed above. Examples of other herbicides include aclonifen, asulam, amitrole, bromobutide, cinmethylin, clomazone, cumyluron, daimuron, difenzoquat, etobenzanid, fluometuron, flurenol, fosamine, fosamine-ammonium, dazomet, dymron, ipfencarbazone (1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,5-dihydro-N-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-4H-1,2,4-triazole-4-carboxamide), metam, methyldymron, oleic acid, oxaziclomefone, pelargonic acid, pyributicarb and 5-[[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methoxy]methyl]-4,5-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)isoxazole.

“Herbicide safeners” (b16) are substances added to a herbicide formulation to eliminate or reduce phytotoxic effects of the herbicide to certain crops. These compounds protect crops from injury by herbicides but typically do not prevent the herbicide from controlling undesired vegetation. Examples of herbicide safeners include but are not limited to benoxacor, cloquintocet-mexyl, cumyluron, cyometrinil, cyprosulfamide, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietholate, dimepiperate, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen-ethyl, mefenpyr-diethyl, mephenate, methoxyphenone, naphthalic anhydride, oxabetrinil, N-(aminocarbonyl)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide and N-(aminocarbonyl)-2-fluorobenzenesulfonamide, 1-bromo-4-[(chloromethyl)sulfonyl]benzene, 2-(dichloromethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (MG 191), 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azospiro[4.5]decane (MON 4660), 2,2-dichloro-1-(2,2,5-trimethyl-3-oxazolidinyl)-ethanone and 2-methoxy-N-[[4-[[(methylamino)carbonyl]amino]phenyl]sulfonyl]-benzamide.

The compounds of Formula 1 can be prepared by general methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, in combination with the methods shown below in Schemes 1 through 21 and variations thereof. The definitions of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R^(5a), R^(6a), Q¹, Q² and Y in the compounds of Formulae 1 through 17 below are as defined above in the Summary of the Invention unless otherwise noted. The compounds of Formulae 1a, 2a, 4a, 6a, 8a, 10a and 13a are various subsets of a compound of Formulae 1, 2, 4, 8, 10 and 13 respectively. The compounds of Formulae 1b, 2b, 8b, 10b and 13b are various subsets of a compound of Formulae 1, 2, 8, 10 and 13 respectively. The compounds of Formulae 1c, 8c, 10c, and 13c are various subsets of a compound of Formulae 1, 8, 10 and 13 respectively. The compounds of Formulae 10d and 10e are various subsets of a compound of Formula 10. Substituents for each subset formula are as defined for its parent formula unless otherwise noted. Substituents of a compound of Formula 1 represented by Q¹ and C(Y)N(Q²)(R⁷), respectively, are predominantly found to be in the trans configuration. In some instances, the presence of minor amounts of the cis isomer can be detected by NMR.

As shown in Scheme 1 compounds of Formula 1a (i.e. a compound of Formula 1 wherein R¹ is H; R² is H; and Y is O) can be prepared by reaction of esters of Formula 2 with an exess of an amine of Formula 3 by heating at temperatures above 100° C., optionally in the presence of a solvent. The method of Scheme 1 is illustrated by Step E in Synthesis Example 1, Step D in Synthesis Examples 2 and 3, and Step A in Synthesis Example 4.

As shown in Scheme 2 a compound of Formula 1b (i.e. a compound of Formula 1 wherein A is chain containing a carbon or oxygen atom; R⁷ is H; and Y is O) can be prepared by cyclization of a compound of Formula 4. Cyclization is carried out using an appropriate nitrogen-containing compound of Formula 5 such as, but not limited to, aminoacetals, aminoaldehyes, aminoketones and hydrazides, under neutral conditions or acidic conditions. Suitable acids for the reaction include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid and sulfuric acid, and organic acids such as acetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid. A wide variety of co-solvents are suitable for the reaction including, but not limited to, water, methanol, ethanol and tetrahydrofuran. The reaction is conducted at temperatures ranging from −20° C. to the boiling point of the solvent, and typically from 0-10° C. The method of Scheme 2 is illustrated by Step D of Synthesis Example 1, Step F of Synthesis Example 3, Step C of Synthesis Example 4, and Step A of Synthesis Example 5.

As shown in Scheme 3 a compound of Formula 1c (i.e. a compound of Formula 1 wherein R¹ is H; R² is H; Y is O; and A is —NHA²-) can be prepared by cyclization of N-amino lactams of Formula 6 in the presence of a “coupling partner”. The “coupling partner” for the reaction can be chosen singly or in combination from primary amides, acid chlorides, carbon disulfide, cyanides such as sodium or potassium cyanide or ammonia. The cyclization can be carried out optionally in the presence of an activating agent and typically in the presence of a co-solvent. Suitable activating agents for the reaction include, but are not limited to, metal chlorides such as zinc chloride and carboxylic acids such as acetic and propionic acid. A wide variety of co-solvents are suitable for the reaction including, but not limited to, acetic acid, toluene, benzene, xylenes, carbon disulfide, N,N-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran. The reaction is conducted at temperatures ranging from −20° C. to the boiling point of the solvent, and typically from 0-150° C. The method of Scheme 3 is illustrated by Step G of Synthesis Example 1.

As shown in Scheme 4 a compound of Formula 1a can also be prepared by cyclization of azido lactams of Formula 8. Cyclization can be carried out by an organophosphine of Formula 7, typically in the presence of a co-solvent. Suitable organophosphines for the reaction include, but are not limited to, triphenylphosphine or tri-n-butylphosphine. A wide variety of co-solvents are suitable for the reaction including, but not limited to, benzene, chlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, and tetrahydrofuran. The reaction is conducted at temperatures ranging from −20° C. to the boiling point of the solvent, and typically from 0-100° C. The method of Scheme 4 is illustrated by Step C of Synthesis Example 2.

As shown in Scheme 5 a compound of Formula 2a can be prepared by cyclization of a compound of Formula 4a. Cyclization can be carried out using an appropriate nitrogen-containing compound such as, but not limited to, aminoacetals, aminoaldehyes, aminoketones and hydrazides, under neutral conditions or acidic conditions. Suitable acids for the reaction include, but are not limited to, inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid and sulfuric acid, and organic acids such as acetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid. A wide variety of co-solvents are suitable for the reaction including, but not limited to, water, methanol, ethanol and tetrahydrofuran. The reaction is conducted at temperatures ranging from −20° C. to the boiling point of the solvent, and typically from 0-100° C.

As shown in Scheme 6 a compound of Formula 2b can be prepared by cyclization of azido lactams of Formula 8a. Cyclization can be carried out by an organophosphine, typically in the presence of a co-solvent. Exemplary organophosphines for the reaction include triphenylphosphine or tri-n-butylphosphine. A wide variety of co-solvents are suitable for the reaction including, but not limited to, benzene, chlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, and tetrahydrofuran. The reaction is conducted at temperatures ranging from −20° C. to the boiling point of the solvent, and typically from 0 to 100° C.

As shown in Scheme 7 a compound of Formula 8b can be prepared by substitution of lactams of Formula 9. Substitution is carried out with an inorganic azide or a trialkylsilyl azide, typically in the presence of a co-solvent. Suitable azides for the reaction include, but are not limited to, inorganic azides such as sodium azide and trialkylsilyl azides such as azidotrimethylsilane. A wide variety of co-solvents are suitable for the reaction including, but not limited to, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide, and ethanol. The reaction is conducted at temperatures ranging from −20° C. to the boiling point of the solvent, and typically from 0-100° C. The method of Scheme 7 is illustrated by Step B of Synthesis Example 2.

As shown in Scheme 8 a compound of Formula 8c can be prepared by substitution of alcohols of Formula 9 by the Mitsunobu substitution method. It is typically carried out with an azide, a phosphine and an azodicarboxylate, in the presence of a co-solvent. Suitable azides for the reaction include, but are not limited to, diphenylphosphoryl azide and azidotrimethylsilane. Suitable phosphines for the reaction include, but are not limited to, triphenylphosphine or tri-n-butylphosphine. Suitable phosphines for the reaction include, but are not limited to, diethyl azodicarboxylate and di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate. A wide variety of co-solvents are suitable for the reaction including, but not limited to, N,N-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran. The reaction is conducted at temperatures ranging from −20° C. to the boiling point of the solvent, and typically from 0-100° C. See Org. Lett. 2008, 10(14), 2997-3000 and J. O. C. 1999, 64(16), 6049-6055 for examples of this type of transformation.

As shown in Scheme 9 a compound of Formula 8b can be prepared by reacting a compound of Formula 10 with a compound of Formula 11. Substitution is carried out optionally in the presence of a base, typically in the presence of a co-solvent. Suitable bases for the reaction include, but are not limited to, hydroxides such as sodium and potassium hydroxide, carbonates such as sodium and potassium carbonate and nitrogen-containing bases such as triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylamine and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene. A wide variety of co-solvents are suitable for the reaction including, but not limited to, benzene, toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran. The reaction is conducted at temperatures ranging from −20° C. to the boiling point of the solvent, and typically from 0-100° C. A compound of Formula 10 (wherein J is —CR⁵R⁶—) can be prepared in multiple ways as described in PCT/US2014/068073 (WO 2015/084796). A compound of Formula 10 (wherein J is —CR⁵R⁶—CR^(5a)R^(6a)—) can be prepared in multiple ways as described in PCT/US2014/38473 (WO 2016/003997).

As shown in Scheme 10 a compound of Formula 6 can be prepared by N-amination of lactams of Formula 10. Amination is carried out with an electrophilic aminating reagent, optionally in the presence of a base and typically in the presence of a co-solvent. Suitable electrophilic aminating reagents include, but are not limited to, N-chloroamine, O-diphenylphosphoryl hydroxylamine, O-mesitylsulfonyl hydroxylamine, O-sulfonic acid hydroxylamine, O-mesitoyl hydroxylamine and O-2,4-dinitrophenyl hydroxylamine. Suitable bases for the reaction include, but are not limited to, hydroxides such as sodium and potassium hydroxide, alkoxides such as sodium and potassium ethoxide, carbonates such as sodium and potassium carbonate, sodium hydride, metal amides such as lithium diisopropylamide and sodium hexamethyldisilazide and neutral nitrogen-containing bases such as triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylamine and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene. A wide variety of co-solvents are suitable for the reaction including, but not limited to, xylenes, toluene, benzene, diethyl ether, N,N-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran. The reaction is conducted at temperatures ranging from −20° C. to the boiling point of the solvent, and typically from 0-150° C.

Alternatively, N-amination can be achieved by a two-step procedure proceeding through the formation and subsequent reduction of an intermediate N-nitrosolactam of Formula 12. An N-nitrosolactam compound of Formula 12 can be obtained by carrying out the reaction of a lactam of Formula 10 with an appropriate nitrosylating agent in the presence of an activator and typically in the presence of a co-solvent. Suitable nitrosylating agents include, but are not limited to, nitrites such as sodium and potassium nitrite and nitrogen oxide. Suitable activators for the reaction include, but are not limited to, acetates such as sodium and potassium acetate, carboxylic acids such as acetic and propionic acid and Lewis acids such as bismuth(III) trichloride and tin(IV) tetrachloride. A wide variety of co-solvents are suitable for the reaction including, but not limited to, acetic anhydride, carbon tetrachloride and methylene chloride. The reaction is conducted at temperatures ranging from −20° C. to the boiling point of the solvent, and typically from 0-100° C. An N-amino compound of Formula 6 can be obtained by carrying out the reaction of a N-nitrosolacatm of Formula 12 with an appropriate reducing agent, typically in the presence of a co-solvent. Suitable reducing agents include, but are not limited to, zinc metal. A variety of co-solvents are suitable for the reaction including, but not limited to, acetic acid and aqueous hydrochloric acid. The reaction is conducted at temperatures ranging from −20° C. to the boiling point of the solvent, and typically from −20° C.-100° C. See Synthesis 2006, 14, 2371-2375 and Synthetic Communications 2009, 39, 604-612 for representative procedures. A compound of Formula 10 (i.e. wherein J is —CR⁵R⁶—) can be prepared in multiple ways as taught in PCT/US2014/068073 (WO 2015/084796). A compound of Formula 10 (wherein J is —CR⁵R⁶—CR^(5a)R^(6a)—) can be prepared in multiple ways as described in PCT/US2014/38473 (WO 2016/003997).

Alternatively, as shown in Scheme 11, a compound of Formula 6a can be prepared by reacting a compound of Formula 10a with an aminating reagent such as O-(diphenylphosphinyl)hydroxylamine and hydroxylamino-O-sulphonic acid. For procedures, conditions and reagents see Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Lett. 2009, 19, 5924-5926 and J. O. C. 2002, 67, 6236-6239.

As shown in Scheme 12 a compound of Formula 10b can be prepared by hydrolysis of esters of Formula 10a. Hydrolysis is carried out with aqueous base or aqueous acid, typically in the presence of a co-solvent. Suitable bases for the reaction include, but are not limited to, hydroxides such as sodium and potassium hydroxide and carbonates such as sodium and potassium carbonate. Suitable acids for the reaction include, but are not limited to, inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid and sulfuric acid, and organic acids such as acetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid. A wide variety of co-solvents are suitable for the reaction including, but not limited to, methanol, ethanol and tetrahydrofuran. The reaction is conducted at temperatures ranging from −20° C. to the boiling point of the solvent, and typically from 0-100° C.

As shown in Scheme 13, a compound of Formula 4 can be obtained by reduction of a compound of Formula 13 and subsequent in situ cyclization of the resulting intermediate amine. A wide variety of methods for reduction of the aliphatic nitro group in compounds of Formula 13 are known in the literature. Typical reduction methods include catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of palladium on carbon or Raney nickel, iron or zinc metal in acidic medium (see, for example, Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 1904, 37, 3520-3525), and lithium aluminum hydride. Reduction can also be achieved with samarium(II) iodide in the presence of a proton source such as methanol (see for example, Tet. Lett. 1991, 32 (14), 1699-1702). Alternatively sodium borohydride in the presence of a nickel catalyst such as nickel(II) acetate or nickel(II) chloride can be used (see for example, Tet. Lett. 1985, 26 (52), 6413-6416). The method of Scheme 12 utilizing sodium borohydride in the presence of nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate is illustrated by Step C of Synthesis Example 1.

As shown in Scheme 14, a compound of Formula 13a (a compound of Formula 13 wherein J is —CR⁵R⁶—) can be prepared by reacting diesters of Formula 14 with nitroalkanes of Formula 15, typically in the presence of a base. Suitable bases for the reaction include alkali metal lower alkoxides such as sodium methoxide in methanol or sodium ethoxide in ethanol. The method of Scheme 14 is illustrated by Step B of Synthesis Example 1. A compound of Formula 14 can readily be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art, e.g., by Knoevenagel condensation of aldehydes and malonates (see for example G. Jones, Organic Reactions Volume 15, John Wiley and Sons, 1967).

A compound of Formula 13a (i.e. Formula 13 wherein J is —CR⁵R⁶—) can be prepared by reacting nitroalkenes of Formula 16 with a malonate of Formula 17 in the presence of a base as shown in Scheme 15. Suitable bases for this reaction include, but are not limited to, alkali metal lower alkoxides such as sodium methoxide in methanol or sodium ethoxide in ethanol, or bases such as lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and lithium diisopropylamide in solvents such as tetrahydrofuran. Typically, the reaction is carried out in the range of from −78° C. to 23° C. See Synthesis 2005, 2239-2245 for conditions for effecting this transformation. Conditions for effecting this transformation in refluxing water in the absence of a catalyst have been reported in Synthetic Communications 2013, 43, 744-748. Nitroalkenes of Formula 16 can readily be prepared from aldehydes and nitromethane by known methods.

Compounds of Formula 13b and 13c can be prepared stereoselectively by reacting nitroalkenes of Formula 16 with malonates of Formula 17 in the presence of a chiral catalyst and optionally in the presence of a suitable base as shown in Scheme 16. Suitable catalysts include, but are not limited to Ni(II) with vicinal diamine ligands such as Ni(II) Bis[(R,R)—N,N′-dibenzylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine]dibromide, Ni(II) Bis[(S,S)—N,N′-dibenzylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine]dibromide or nickel(II) bromide with chiral 1,1′-bi(tetrahydroisoquinoline) type diamines. Suitable organic bases for this reaction include, but are not limited to, piperidine, morpholine, triethylamine, 4-methylmorpholine or N,N-diisopropylethylamine. This transformation can be accomplished neat or in solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, toluene or dichloromethane. Typically, the reaction is carried out in the range of from −78° C. to 80° C. using 0 to 1 equivalent of catalyst and 0 to 1 equivalent of a base. Conditions for effecting this transformation have been reported in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 9958-9959 or Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2011, 5441-5446 for conditions. Nitroalkenes of Formula 16 can readily be prepared from aldehydes and nitromethane by methods known to those skilled in the art.

As shown in Scheme 17, mixtures of compounds of Formulae 10b (i.e. Formula 10 wherein Y is O; R¹ is halogen; and R² is H) and 10c (i.e. Formula 10 wherein Y is O; R¹ is H; and R² is halogen) can be prepared by reacting a compound of Formula 10a with a halogen source in a solvent, in the presence or absence of an initiator. Separation of the regioisomers produced in this reaction can be achieved by standard methods such as chromatography or fractional crystallization. Suitable halogen sources for this reaction include bromine, chlorine, N-chlorosuccinimide, N-bromosuccinimide and N-iodosuccinimide. Suitable initiators for this reaction include 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and benzoyl peroxide. Typically, the reaction is carried out in solvents such as dichloromethane in the range of from 0° C. to the boiling point of the solvent.

As shown in Scheme 18, compounds of Formula 10d and 10e (i.e. a compound of Formula 10 wherein R¹ and R² are H; and Y is O (10d) or S (10e), respectively) can be prepared by reacting compounds of Formula 10a with at least two equivalents of a thionation reagent such as Lawesson's reagent, tetraphosphorus decasulfide or diphosphorus pentasulfide in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or toluene. Typically, the reaction is carried out at temperatures ranging from 0 to 115° C. One skilled in the art recognizes that using less than two equivalents of the thionating reagent can provide mixtures comprising a products of a compound of Formulae 10d and 10e (i.e. wherein Y is S or O, respectively) which can be separated by conventional methods such as chromatography and crystallization. The method of Scheme 18 is illustrated by Step D of Synthesis Example 1.

As shown in Scheme 19, compounds of Formula 4 (i.e. Formula 1 wherein R¹ and R² are H; and Y is O) can be prepared by alkylation of compounds of Formula 10a with an appropriate alkylating agent optionally in the presence of a base. Suitable alkylating agents include, but are not limited to, trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate, triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate, iodomethane, iodoethane, bromomethane, and methyl p-toluenesulfonate. Suitable bases for the reaction include, but are not limited to, carbonates such as sodium and potassium carbonate and neutral nitrogen-containing bases such as triethylamine and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene. A wide variety of co-solvents are suitable for the reaction including, but not limited to, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran. The reaction is conducted at temperatures ranging from −20° C. to the boiling point of the solvent, and typically from 0-150° C. The method of Scheme 19 is illustrated by Step F of Synthesis Example 1.

It is recognized by one skilled in the art that various functional groups can be converted into others to provide different compounds of Formula 1. For a valuable resource that illustrates the interconversion of functional groups in a simple and straightforward fashion, see Larock, R. C., Comprehensive Organic Transformations: A Guide to Functional Group Preparations, 2nd Ed., Wiley-VCH, New York, 1999. For example, intermediates for the preparation of compounds of Formula 1 may contain aromatic nitro groups, which can be reduced to amino groups, and then be converted via reactions well known in the art such as the Sandmeyer reaction, to various halides, providing compounds of Formula 1. The above reactions can also in many cases be performed in alternate order

It is recognized that some reagents and reaction conditions described above for preparing compounds of Formula 1 may not be compatible with certain functionalities present in the intermediates. In these instances, the incorporation of protection/deprotection sequences or functional group interconversions into the synthesis will aid in obtaining the desired products. The use and choice of the protecting groups will be apparent to one skilled in chemical synthesis (see, for example, Greene, T. W.; Wuts, P. G. M. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd ed.; Wiley: New York, 1991). One skilled in the art will recognize that, in some cases, after the introduction of a given reagent as it is depicted in any individual scheme, it may be necessary to perform additional routine synthetic steps not described in detail to complete the synthesis of compounds of Formula 1. One skilled in the art will also recognize that it may be necessary to perform a combination of the steps illustrated in the above schemes in an order other than that implied by the particular presented to prepare the compounds of Formula 1.

One skilled in the art will also recognize that compounds of Formula 1 and the intermediates described herein can be subjected to various electrophilic, nucleophilic, radical, organometallic, oxidation, and reduction reactions to add substituents or modify existing substituents.

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art using the preceding description can utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following non-limiting Examples are illustrative of the invention. Steps in the following Examples illustrate a procedure for each step in an overall synthetic transformation, and the starting material for each step may not have necessarily been prepared by a particular preparative run whose procedure is described in other Examples or Steps. Percentages are by weight except for chromatographic solvent mixtures or where otherwise indicated. Parts and percentages for chromatographic solvent mixtures are by volume unless otherwise indicated. ¹H NMR spectra are reported in ppm downfield from tetramethylsilane; “s” means singlet, “d” means doublet, “m” means multiplet, and “br s” means broad singlet.

Synthesis Example 1 Preparation of N-(2-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c]-1,2,4-triazole-7-carboxamide (Compound 2) Step A: Preparation of 1,3-diethyl 2-[[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methylene]propanedioate

A mixture of 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (7.55 g, 43.3 mmol), diethyl malonate (6.6 g, 41.3 mmol), piperidine (0.91 g, 10.7 mmol) and benzene (50 mL) was refluxed for 17 h with continuous removal of water using a Dean-Stark trap. The cooled reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with 0% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes, to afford the title compound as a clear, colorless oil (10.9 g).

¹H NMR δ 7.74 (m, 1H), 7.71 (m, 1H), 7.64 (m, 2H), 7.52 (m, 1H), 4.33 (m, 4H), 1.35 (m, 3H), 1.29 (m, 3H).

Step B: Preparation of 1,3-diethyl 2-[2-nitro-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl]propanedioate

A mixture of 1,3-diethyl 2-[[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methylene]propanedioate (i.e. the product of Step A, 10.9 g, 34.5 mmol), nitromethane (18.5 mL, 345 mmol) and a methanol solution of sodium methoxide (25 wt %, 0.76 g, 3.45 mmol) in ethanol (150 mL) was stirred at 23° C. for 21 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a thick oil, which was diluted with 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes and filtered through a pad of Celite® diatomaceous earth filter aid to remove insoluble particulates. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound as a yellow oil (11.0 g).

¹H NMR δ 7.57 (m, 1H), 7.51 (m, 1H), 7.47 (m, 2H), 4.97 (m, 1H), 4.89 (m, 1H), 4.32 (m, 1H), 4.23 (m, 4H), 3.82 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.27 (m, 3H), 1.07 (m, 3H).

Step C: Preparation of ethyl 2-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylate

A stirred mixture of 1,3-diethyl 2-[2-nitro-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl]propanedioate (i.e. the product of Step B, 11.0 g, 29.0 mmol), nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate (13.8 g, 58.0 mmol) and ethanol (250 mL) was cooled in an ice bath and treated with sodium borohydride (6.6 g, 174 mmol) in 0.5 g portions added over 45 min. The resulting mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 4 h. Saturated ammonium chloride solution (500 mL) was then added, the mixture was stirred for 2 h. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×200 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL) and stirred vigorously with saturated ammonium chloride solution (100 mL) for 1 h when all of the black particles disappeared. The layers were separated, and the organic layer was washed with water, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with 0% to 100% ethyl acetate in hexanes, to afford the title compound as a clear colorless oil.

¹H NMR δ 7.57 (m, 1H), 7.51 (m, 1H), 7.48 (m, 2H), 6.47 (br s, 1H), 4.26 (m, 2H), 4.19 (m, 1H), 3.86 (m, 1H), 3.54 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (m, 1H), 1.29 (m, 3H).

Step D: Preparation of ethyl 2-thioxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylate

A mixture of ethyl 2-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylate (i.e. the product of Step C, 1.0 g, 3.3 mmol) and Lawesson's reagent (0.67 g, 1.7 mmol) in toluene (15 mL) was stirred at reflux for 4 h. The cooled reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with 0% to 100% ethyl acetate in hexanes, to afford the title compound as a yellow oil (0.60 g).

¹H NMR δ 8.07 (br s, 1H), 7.57 (m, 1H), 7.49 (m, 2H), 7.44 (m, 1H), 4.28 (m, 3H), 4.16 (m, 1H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 3.72 (m, 1H), 1.31 (m, 3H).

Step E: Preparation of N-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-thioxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxamide

A mixture of ethyl 2-thioxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylate (i.e. the product of Step D, 0.55 g, 1.7 mmol) and 2-fluoroaniline (2.0 mL, 20.7 mmol) was heated to 120° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for 71 h. The mixture was chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with 0-40% ethyl acetate in hexanes, to afford the title product as an off-white solid (0.49 g).

¹H NMR δ 9.68 (br s, 1H), 8.21 (m, 1H), 7.75 (br s, 1H), 7.57 (m, 2H), 7.52 (m, 2H), 7.10 (m, 3H), 4.62 (m, 1H), 4.16 (m, 1H), 3.94 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (m, 1H).

Step F: Preparation of N-(2-fluorophenyl)-3,4-dihydro 5-methylthio-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2H-pyrrole-4-carboxamide

A mixture of N-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-thioxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxamide (i.e. the product of Step E, 0.49 g, 1.3 mmol), iodomethane (0.090 mL, 1.4 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.36 g, 2.6 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) was stirred at 23° C. for 4 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in ethyl acetate (20 mL) and washed with water (2×10 mL). The organic extract was dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title product as a brown oil (0.39 g).

¹H NMR δ 8.29 (m, 1H), 7.60 (br s, 1H), 7.52 (m, 1H), 7.44 (m, 3H), 7.11 (m, 3H), 4.52 (m, 1H), 4.22 (m, 1H), 4.00 (m, 1H), 3.77 (s, 1H), 2.57 (m, 3H).

Step G: Preparation of N-(2-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c]-1,2,4-triazole-7-carboxamide

A mixture of N-(2-fluorophenyl)-3,4-dihydro 5-methylthio-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2H-pyrrole-4-carboxamide (i.e. the product of Step F, 0.13 g, 0.33 mmol) and formic hydrazide (0.030 g, 0.50 mmol) in N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.4 mL) was stirred at 120° C. for 15 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with 0% to 100% ethyl acetate in hexanes then 0% to 5% methanol in ethyl acetate, to afford the title compound, a compound of the present invention, as a brown oil (0.065 g).

¹H NMR δ 9.17 (br s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.15 (m, 1H), 7.62 (m, 2H), 7.56 (m, 3H), 7.09 (m, 3H), 4.93 (m, 1H), 4.61 (m, 1H), 4.36 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (m, 1H).

Synthesis Example 2 Preparation of N-(2-fluorophenyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-3-oxo-6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole-7-carboxamide (Compound 3) Step A: Preparation of ethyl 1-(2-chloroacetyl)-2-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylate

A mixture ethyl 2-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylate (i.e. the product of Example 1 Step C, 0.30 g, 1.0 mmol) and chloroacetyl chloride (0.16 mL, 2.0 mmol) in benzene (3 mL) was stirred at 75° C. for 16 h. The cooled reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound as a dark brown oil (0.37 g).

¹H NMR δ 7.61 (m, 1H), 7.53 (m, 2H), 7.46 (m, 1H), 4.73 (m, 2H), 4.42 (m, 1H), 4.27 (m, 2H), 4.10 (m, 1H), 3.82 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (m, 1H), 1.30 (m, 3H).

Step B: Preparation of ethyl 1-(2-azidoacetyl)-2-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylate

A mixture of ethyl 1-(2-chloroacetyl)-2-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylate (i.e. the product of Step A, 0.37 g, 1.0 mmol) and sodium azide (0.20 g, 3.0 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (3 mL) was stirred at 23° C. for 6 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (40 mL). The mixture was washed successively with water (2×15 mL) and saturated sodium chloride (15 mL). The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound as a red oil (0.37 g).

¹H NMR δ 7.61 (m, 1H), 7.52 (m, 2H), 7.45 (m, 1H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 4.42 (m, 1H), 4.27 (m, 2H), 4.10 (m, 1H), 3.80 (d, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (m, 1H), 1.29 (m, 3H).

Step C: Preparation of ethyl 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-3-oxo-6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole-7-carboxylate

A mixture of ethyl 1-(2-azidoacetyl)-2-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylate (i.e. the product of Step B, 0.37 g, 1.0 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.29 g, 1.1 mmol) in benzene (10 mL) was stirred at reflux for 1 h. The solution was left to stand at 23° C. for 20 h during which time a solid formed. The mixture was filtered and washed with toluene to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (0.20 g). The filtrate was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in toluene (4 mL). Magnesium chloride (0.30 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred at 65° C. for 1 h. The cooled reaction mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford an additional quantity of the title compound as a colorless solid (0.12 g).

¹H NMR δ 7.49 (m, 2H), 7.43 (m, 2H), 5.72 (br s, 1H), 4.67 (m, 1H), 4.38 (m, 2H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 4.02 (m, 2H), 3.59 (m, 1H), 1.08 (br s, 3H).

Step D: Preparation of N-(2-fluorophenyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-3-oxo-6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole-7-carboxamide

A mixture of ethyl 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-3-oxo-6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole-7-carboxylate (i.e. the product of Step C, 0.10 g, 0.29 mmol) and 2-fluoroaniline (0.50 mL, 5.2 mmol) in toluene (3 mL) was heated to 200° C. in a microwave reactor for 2 h. The cooled reaction mixture was chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with 0-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes, to afford the title product, a compound of the present invention, as a yellow oil (0.027 g). The ¹H NMR shows approximately a 2:1 mixture of enamine:amidine tautomers.

¹H NMR δ Enamine tautomer 8.20 (m, 1H), 7.58 (m, 4H), 7.07 (m, 3H), 6.37 (br s, 1H), 6.27 (br s, 1H), 4.56 (m, 2H), 4.51 (m, 1H), 4.02 (m, 1H), 3.59 (m, 1H); Amidine tautomer 9.49 (br s, 1H), 8.20 (m, 1H), 7.58 (m, 4H), 7.07 (m, 3H), 4.77 (m, 1H), 4.41 (s, 2H), 4.28 (m, 1H), 4.14 (m, 1H), 3.59 (m, 1H).

Synthesis Example 3 Preparation of N-(2-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-methyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c]-1,2,4-triazole-7-carboxamide (Compound 24) Step A: Preparation 1,3-dimethyl 2-[2-nitro-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl]-propanedioate

A mixture of 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (25.0 g, 112 mmol), dimethyl malonate (15.6 g, 118 mmol), piperidine (2.39 g, 28.0 mmol) and benzene (75 mL) was refluxed for 2 h with continuous removal of water (Dean-Stark trap). Acetic acid (3.47 g, 57.7 mmol) was added, and the reaction was heated for another 1.5 h. The cooled reaction mixture was washed successively with aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 M, 2×40 mL) and saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×40 mL). The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a yellow oil (0.37 g). A mixture of the yellow oil, nitromethane (60.0 mL, 1.12 mol) and a methanol solution of sodium methoxide (25 wt %, 2.42 g, 11.2 mmol) in methanol (110 mL) was stirred at 23° C. for 17 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a thick oil. The crude material was filtered through a pad of silica, eluting with 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes, to afford the title compound as an orange oil (29.0 g).

¹H NMR δ 7.60 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 2H), 4.93 (m, 2H), 4.32 (m, 1H), 3.87 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.60 (s, 3H).

Step B: Preparation of methyl 2-oxo-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidine-carboxylate

A stirred mixture of 1,3-dimethyl 2-[2-nitro-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl]-propanedioate (i.e. the product of Step A, 29.0 g, 83.0 mmol), nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate (19.8 g, 83.0 mmol) and methanol (275 mL) was cooled in an ice bath and treated with sodium borohydride (9.5 g, 250 mmol) in 0.5 g portions added over 1 h. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 h and then at 23° C. for 17 h. Saturated ammonium chloride solution (300 mL) and ethyl acetate (300 mL) was then added, the mixture was stirred vigorously for 2 h. The pale blue mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with saturated ammonium chloride solution (100 mL), dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude mixture was triturated with 1-chlorobutane (100 mL) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (12.3 g).

¹H NMR δ 7.63 (m, 2H), 7.40 (m, 2H), 6.23 (br s, 1H), 4.21 (m, 1H), 3.86 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.57 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (m, 1H).

Step C: Preparation of methyl 2-thioxo-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylate

A mixture of methyl 2-oxo-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylate (i.e. the product of Step B, 8.0 g, 27.9 mmol) and Lawesson's reagent (5.63 g, 13.9 mmol) in toluene (70 mL) was stirred at reflux for 4.5 h. The cooled reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with 0% to 100% ethyl acetate in hexanes, to afford a yellow solid consisting of the title compound and 20% of an unknown impurity. The mixture was recrystallized from ethyl acetate (100 mL, hot) and hexanes (200 mL, cold) to afford the title compound as a pale yellow solid (5.0 g).

¹H NMR δ 8.20 (br s, 1H), 7.62 (m, 2H), 7.37 (m, 2H), 4.24 (m, 1H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 3.94 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.71 (m, 1H).

Step D: Preparation of N-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-thioxo-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxamide

A mixture of methyl 2-thioxo-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylate (i.e. the product of Step C, 1.00 g, 3.3 mmol) and 2-fluoroaniline (2.55 mL, 26 mmol) was heated to 130° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for 22 h. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the majority of the excess aniline. The remaining residue was triturated with 1-chlorobutane to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (1.18 g).

¹H NMR δ 9.67 (br s, 1H), 8.21 (m, 1H), 7.73 (br s, 1H), 7.64 (m, 2H), 7.45 (m, 2H), 7.10 (m, 3H), 4.62 (m, 1H), 4.16 (m, 1H), 3.93 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (m, 1H).

Step E: Preparation of N-(2-fluorophenyl)-3,4-dihydro-5-(methylthio)-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2H-pyrrole-4-carboxamide

A mixture of N-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-thioxo-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxamide (i.e. the product of Step D, 1.11 g, 2.9 mmol), iodomethane (0.22 mL, 3.5 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.81 g, 5.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (15 mL) was stirred at 23° C. for 18 h. The mixture was diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL). The organic extract was dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title product as a brown solid (0.97 g).

¹H NMR δ 8.29 (m, 1H), 7.60 (br s, 1H), 7.52 (m, 1H), 7.44 (m, 3H), 7.11 (m, 3H), 4.52 (m, 1H), 4.22 (m, 1H), 4.00 (m, 1H), 3.77 (s, 1H), 2.57 (s, 3H).

Step F: Preparation of N-(2-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3-methyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c]-1,2,4-triazole-7-carboxamide

A mixture of N-(2-fluorophenyl)-3,4-dihydro-5-(methylthio)-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2H-pyrrole-4-carboxamide (i.e. the product of Step E, 0.100 g, 0.25 mmol) and acetic hydrazide (0.028 g, 0.38 mmol) in acetic acid (1.2 mL) was stirred at 110° C. for 75 min. The mixture was concentrated onto silica gel and chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with 10% to 100% ethyl acetate in hexanes then 0% to 5% methanol in ethyl acetate to afford the title compound contaminated with several other impurities. The mixture was chromatographed on C18-silica gel, eluting with 10% to 100% 1:1 acetonitrile/methanol in water to afford the title compound, a compound of the present invention, as a yellow oil (0.021 g).

¹H NMR (d₆-acetone) δ 9.65 (br s, 1H), 8.25 (m, 1H), 7.76 (m, 4H), 7.15 (m, 3H), 7.09 (m, 3H), 4.92 (m, 1H), 4.63 (m, 2H), 4.17 (m, 1H), 2.39 (s, 3H).

Synthesis Example 4 Preparation of N-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-3-ethyl-6,7-dihydro-6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c]-1,2,4-triazole-7-carboxamide (Compound 8) Step A: Preparation of N-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-2-thioxo-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxamide

A mixture of methyl 2-thioxo-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylate (i.e. the product of Example 3 Step C, 1.00 g, 3.3 mmol) and 2,3-difluoroaniline (3.4 g, 26 mmol) was heated to 130° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for 22 h. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the majority of the excess aniline. The remaining residue was triturated with 1-chlorobutane to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (1.13 g).

¹H NMR δ 9.84 (br s, 1H), 7.97 (m, 1H), 7.75 (br s, 1H), 7.64 (m, 2H), 7.45 (m, 2H), 7.04 (m, 1H), 6.92 (m, 1H), 4.60 (m, 1H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 3.94 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (m, 1H).

Step B: Preparation of N-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-3,4-dihydro-5-(methylthio)-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2H-pyrrole-4-carboxamide

A mixture of N-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-2-thioxo-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyrrolidinecarboxamide (i.e. the product of Step A, 1.16 g, 2.9 mmol), iodomethane (0.22 mL, 3.5 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.81 g, 5.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (15 mL) was stirred at 23° C. for 18 h. The mixture was diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL). The organic extract was dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title product as a brown solid (1.10 g).

¹H NMR δ 8.06 (m, 1H), 7.60 (m, 3H), 7.33 (m, 2H), 7.07 (m, 1H), 6.94 (m, 1H), 4.51 (m, 1H), 4.22 (m, 1H), 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.77 (s, 1H), 2.58 (s, 3H).

Step C: Preparation of N-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-3-ethyl-6,7-dihydro-6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c]-1,2,4-triazole-7-carboxamide

A mixture of N-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-3,4-dihydro-5-(methylthio)-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2H-pyrrole-4-carboxamide (i.e. the product of Step B, 0.200 g, 0.48 mmol) and hydrazine hydrate (0.036 mL, 0.72 mmol) in propionic acid (2.4 mL) was stirred at 110° C. for 16.5 h. The mixture was concentrated onto Celite® diatomaceous earth filter aid and chromatographed on C18-silica gel, eluting with 10% to 100% 1:1 acetonitrile/methanol in water to afford the title compound, a compound of the present invention, as a brown solid (0.037 g).

¹H NMR δ 10.19 (br s, 1H), 7.82 (m, 1H), 7.64 (m, 2H), 7.47 (m, 2H), 6.92 (m, 1H), 6.83 (m, 1H), 4.99 (m, 1H), 4.50 (m, 2H), 3.98 (m, 1H), 2.81 (m, 2H), 1.37 (m, 3H).

Synthesis Example 5 Preparation of N-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c]-1,2,4-triazole-7-carboxamide (Compound 22) Step A: Preparation of N-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c]-1,2,4-triazole-7-carboxamide

A mixture of N-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-3,4-dihydro-5-(methylthio)-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2H-pyrrole-4-carboxamide (i.e. the product of Example 4 Step B, 0.220 g, 0.53 mmol), trifluoroacetic hydrazide (0.076 g, 0.58 mmol) and pivalic acid (2.7 g) was stirred at 130° C. for 90 min. The cooled mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL) and washed successively with saturated sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), water (50 mL) and saturated sodium chloride (50 mL). The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), concentrated onto Celite® diatomaceous earth filter aid and chromatographed on C18-silica gel, eluting with 10% to 100% 1:1 acetonitrile/methanol in water to afford the title compound contaminated with some impurities. The mixture was triturated with 1-chlorobutane to afford the title compound, a compound of the present invention, as a colorless solid (0.029 g).

¹H NMR δ 9.25 (br s, 1H), 7.89 (m, 1H), 7.70 (m, 2H), 7.51 (m, 2H), 7.03 (m, 1H), 6.92 (m, 1H), 5.04 (m, 1H), 4.71 (m, 1H), 4.46 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (m, 1H).

By the procedures described herein together with methods known in the art, the following compounds of Tables 1 to 140 can be prepared. The following abbreviations are used in the Tables which follow: i-Pr means isopropyl, Bu means butyl, Ph means phenyl, OMe means methoxy, OEt means ethoxy, SMe means methylthio, \S(O)Me means methylsulfinyl, and S(O)₂Me means methylsulfonyl.

TABLE 1

J is —CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2-F); and Q¹ is Q¹ Ph(3-Cl) Ph(3-F) Ph(3-Br) Ph(3-Me) Ph(3-Et) Ph(3-CF₃) Ph(3-CH₂CF₃) Ph(3-OCF₃) Ph(3-OCF₂H) Ph(3-O-i-Pr) Ph(3-OMe) Ph(3-OCF₂CF₂H) Ph(2-Cl) Ph(2-F) Ph(2-Br) Ph(2-Me) Ph(2-CF₃) Ph(2-OCF₃) Ph(2-OCF₂H) Ph(2-OMe) Ph(2-OCF₂CF₂H) Ph(2-CH₂CF₃) Ph(2-O-i-Pr) Ph(4-Cl) Ph(4-F) Ph(4-Br) Ph(4-Me) Ph(4-Et) Ph(4-CF₃) Ph(4-OCF₃) Ph(4-OCF₂H) Ph(4-OMe) Ph(4-CH₂CF₃) Ph(4-O-i-Pr) Ph(4-OCF₂CF₂H) Ph(2,3-di-F) Ph(2,4-di-F) Ph(2,5-di-F) Ph(2,6-di-F) Ph(3,4-di-F) Ph(3,5-di-F) Ph(3-Me,4-F) Ph(3-F,4-Me) Ph(3-CF₃,4-F) Ph(3-F,4-CF₃) Ph(2,3,4-tri-F) Ph(3,4,5-tri-F) 2-Pyridinyl 2-Pyridinyl(6-F) 2-Pyridinyl(6-CF₃) 2-Pyridinyl(6-Me) 2-Pyridinyl(5-F) 2-Pyridinyl(5-CF₃) 2-Pyridinyl(5-Me) 2-Pyridinyl(4-F) 2-Pyridinyl(4-CF₃) 2-Pyridinyl(4-Me) 2-Pyridinyl(3-F) 2-Pyridinyl(3-CF₃) 2-Pyridinyl(3-Me) 3-Pyridinyl 3-Pyridinyl(6-F) 3-Pyridinyl(6-CF₃) 3-Pyridinyl(6-Me) 3-Pyridinyl(5-F) 3-Pyridinyl(5-CF₃) 3-Pyridinyl(5-Me) 3-Pyridinyl(4-F) 3-Pyridinyl(4-CF₃) 3-Pyridinyl(4-Me) 3-Pyridinyl(2-F) 3-Pyridinyl(2-CF₃) 3-Pyridinyl(2-Me) 4-Pyridinyl 4-Pyridinyl(6-F) 4-Pyridinyl(6-CF₃) 4-Pyridinyl(6-Me) 4-Pyridinyl(5-F) 4-Pyridinyl(5-CF₃) 4-Pyridinyl(5-Me) 4-Pyridinyl(3-F) 4-Pyridinyl(3-CF₃) 4-Pyridinyl(3-Me) 4-Pyridinyl(2-F) 4-Pyridinyl(2-CF₃) 4-Pyridinyl(2-Me) 2-Thienyl 2-Thienyl(4-CF₃) 2-Thienyl(5-CF₃) 3-Thienyl 3-Thienyl(4-CF₃) 3-Thienyl(5-CF₃) 2-Furyl 2-Furyl(4-CF₃) 2-Furyl(5-CF₃) 3-Furyl 3-Furyl(4-CF₃) 3-Furyl(5-CF₃) 1H-Pyrazol-1-yl 4-CF₃-1H-Pyrazol-1-yl 1H-Imidazol-1-yl 4-CF₃-1H-Imidazol-1-yl 2-CF₃-1H-Imidazol-1-yl 1-Me-1H-Imidazol-2-yl 1-Me-1H-Imidazol-4-yl 3-Me-1H-Imidazol-4-yl 1-Me-1H-Pyrazol-4-yl 1-Me-1H-1,2,3-Triazol-4-yl 2-Me-1H-1,2,3-Triazol-4-yl 4-Me-1H-1,2,3-Triazol-2-yl 4-Me-1H-1,2,3-Triazol-1-yl Pyrazin-2-yl Pyrazin-2-yl(5-CF₃) Pyrimidin-2-yl Pyrimidin-2-yl(5-CF₃) Pyrimidin-5-yl Pyrimidin-5-yl(2-CF₃) 1,3,5-Triazin-2-yl Thiazol-2-yl Thiazol-2-yl(5-CF₃) Thiazol-5-yl Thiazol-5-yl(2-CF₃) Oxazol-2-yl Oxazol-2-yl(5-CF₃) Oxazol-5-yl Oxazol-5-yl(2-CF₃) Isothiazol-5-yl Isothiazol-5-yl(3-CF₃) Isothiazol-3-yl Isothiazol-3-yl(5-CF₃) Isoxazol-5-yl Isoxazol-5-yl(3-CF₃) Isoxazol-3-yl Isoxazol-3-yl(5-CF₃) 1H-1,2,3,4-Tetrazol-1-yl 5-Me-1H-1,2,3,4-Tetrazol-1-yl 1-Me-1H-1,2,3,4-Tetrazol-5-yl 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-1-yl 1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-yl 1,3,4-Thiadiazol-2-yl 1,2,4-Oxadiazol-3-yl 1,2,4-Thiadiazol-3-yl Tetrahydropyran-2-yl Tetrahydropyran-3-yl Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl Tetrahydrofuran-3-yl 1,3-Dioxolan-4-yl 2,2-di-Fluoro-1,3-Dioxolan-4-yl 1,3-Dithiolan-4-yl 1,4-Dioxolan-2-yl 1,4-Dithiolan-2-yl 1-naphthyl 2-naphthyl Benzofuran-2-yl Benzothiophen-2-yl 1,3-Benzoxazol-2-yl 1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yl 7-Quinolinyl Indazol-1-yl Benzimidazol-1-yl Indol-1-yl Pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-1-yl Ph(3-OCH₂-c-Pr) Ph(2-OCH₂-c-Pr) Ph(4-OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂-c-hex) Ph(CH₂-c-Pr) Ph(4-CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂-c-hex) Ph(3-OCH₂CF₂) Ph(2-(3,3-dichloroallyloxy)) Ph(2-methoxyethoxy) Ph(3-propoxypropoxy) Ph(2-CH₂CH₂SCH₃) Ph(2-CH₂CH₂SOCH₃) Ph(2-CH₂CH₂SO₂CH₃) Ph(3-SMe) Ph(3-SCF₃) Ph(3-S-c-Pr) Ph(3-SOMe) Ph(3-SOCF₃) Ph(3-SO-c-Pr) Ph(3-SO₂Me) Ph(3-SO₂CF₃) Ph(3-SO₂-c-Pr) Ph(3-propargyl) Ph(3-(2-Butynyl)) Ph(2-CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₃) Ph(2-C(═O)CH₃) Ph(2-OC(═O)CH₃) Ph(3-OC(═O)CH₃) Ph(2-OC(═O)CF₃) Ph(3-OC(═O)CF₃)

Table 2 is constructed in the same manner except that the Row Heading “J is —CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2-F); and Q¹ is” is replaced with the Row Heading listed for Table 2 below (i.e. “J is —CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2,3-di-F); and Q¹ is”). Therefore the first entry in Table 2 is a compound of Formula 1 wherein J is —CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2,3-di-F); and Q¹ is Ph(3-Cl) (i.e. 3-chlorophenyl). Tables 3 through 20 are constructed similarly.

Table Row Heading 2 J is —CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2,3-di-F); and Q¹ is 3 J is —CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2,4-di-F); and Q¹ is 4 J is —CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2,3,4-tri-F); and Q¹ is 5 J is —CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2-CF₃); and Q¹ is 6 J is —CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2-Me); and Q¹ is 7 J is —CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2-NO₂); and Q¹ is 8 J is —CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2-Cl); and Q¹ is 9 J is —CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2-SO₂Me); and Q¹ is 10 J is —CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2-F,3-Cl); and Q¹ is 11 J is —CH₂CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2-F); and Q¹ is 12 J is —CH₂CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2,3-di-F); and Q¹ is 13 J is —CH₂CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2,4-di-F); and Q¹ is 14 J is —CH₂CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2,3,4-tri-F); and Q¹ is 15 J is —CH₂CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2-CF₃); and Q¹ is 16 J is —CH₂CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2-Me); and Q¹ is 17 J is —CH₂CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2-NO₂); and Q¹ is 18 J is —CH₂CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2-Cl); and Q¹ is 19 J is —CH₂CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2-SO₂Me); and Q¹ is 20 J is —CH₂CH₂—; Q² is Ph(2-F,3-Cl); and Q¹ is

Table 21

Table 21 is constructed the same way as Table 1 above, except the structure is replaced with the following:

Tables 22 Through 40

This disclosure also includes Tables 22 through 40, each Table is constructed in the same fashion as Tables 2 through 20 above, except that the structure is replaced with the structure in Table 21 above.

Table 41

Table 41 is constructed the same way as Table 1 above, except the structure is replaced with the following:

Tables 42 Through 60

This disclosure also includes Tables 42 through 60, each Table is constructed in the same fashion as Tables 2 through 20 above, except that the structure is replaced with the structure in Table 41 above.

Table 61

Table 61 is constructed the same way as Table 1 above, except the structure is replaced with the following:

Tables 62 Through 80

This disclosure also includes Tables 62 through 80, each Table is constructed in the same fashion as Tables 2 through 20 above, except that the structure is replaced with the structure in Table 61 above.

Table 81

Table 81 is constructed the same way as Table 1 above, except the structure is replaced with the following:

Tables 82 Through 100

This disclosure also includes Tables 82 through 100, each Table is constructed in the same fashion as Tables 2 through 20 above, except that the structure is replaced with the structure in Table 81 above.

Table 101

Table 101 is constructed the same way as Table 1 above, except the structure is replaced with the following:

Tables 102 Through 120

This disclosure also includes Tables 102 through 120, each Table is constructed in the same fashion as Tables 2 through 20 above, except that the structure is replaced with the structure in Table 101 above.

Table 121

Table 121 is constructed the same way as Table 1 above, except the structure is replaced with the following:

Tables 122 Through 140

This disclosure also includes Tables 122 through 140, each Table is constructed in the same fashion as Tables 2 through 20 above, except that the structure is replaced with the structure in Table 121 above.

A compound of this invention will generally be used as a herbicidal active ingredient in a composition, i.e. formulation, with at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of surfactants, solid diluents and liquid diluents, which serves as a carrier. The formulation or composition ingredients are selected to be consistent with the physical properties of the active ingredient, mode of application and environmental factors such as soil type, moisture and temperature.

Useful formulations include both liquid and solid compositions. Liquid compositions include solutions (including emulsifiable concentrates), suspensions, emulsions (including microemulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, flowable concentrates and/or suspoemulsions) and the like, which optionally can be thickened into gels. The general types of aqueous liquid compositions are soluble concentrate, suspension concentrate, capsule suspension, concentrated emulsion, microemulsion, oil-in-water emulsion, flowable concentrate and suspo-emulsion. The general types of nonaqueous liquid compositions are emulsifiable concentrate, microemulsifiable concentrate, dispersible concentrate and oil dispersion.

The general types of solid compositions are dusts, powders, granules, pellets, prills, pastilles, tablets, filled films (including seed coatings) and the like, which can be water-dispersible (“wettable”) or water-soluble. Films and coatings formed from film-forming solutions or flowable suspensions are particularly useful for seed treatment. Active ingredient can be (micro)encapsulated and further formed into a suspension or solid formulation; alternatively the entire formulation of active ingredient can be encapsulated (or “overcoated”). Encapsulation can control or delay release of the active ingredient. An emulsifiable granule combines the advantages of both an emulsifiable concentrate formulation and a dry granular formulation. High-strength compositions are primarily used as intermediates for further formulation.

Sprayable formulations are typically extended in a suitable medium before spraying. Such liquid and solid formulations are formulated to be readily diluted in the spray medium, usually water, but occasionally another suitable medium like an aromatic or paraffinic hydrocarbon or vegetable oil. Spray volumes can range from about from about one to several thousand liters per hectare, but more typically are in the range from about ten to several hundred liters per hectare. Sprayable formulations can be tank mixed with water or another suitable medium for foliar treatment by aerial or ground application, or for application to the growing medium of the plant. Liquid and dry formulations can be metered directly into drip irrigation systems or metered into the furrow during planting.

The formulations will typically contain effective amounts of active ingredient, diluent and surfactant within the following approximate ranges which add up to 100 percent by weight.

Weight Percent Active Ingredient Diluent Surfactant Water-Dispersible and 0.001-90       0-99.999 0-15 Water-soluble Granules, Tablets and Powders Oil Dispersions, Suspensions, 1-50 40-99 0-50 Emulsions, Solutions (including Emulsifiable Concentrates) Dusts 1-25 70-99 0-5  Granules and Pellets 0.001-99       5-99.999 0-15 High Strength Compositions 90-99   0-10 0-2 

Solid diluents include, for example, clays such as bentonite, montmorillonite, attapulgite and kaolin, gypsum, cellulose, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, starch, dextrin, sugars (e.g., lactose, sucrose), silica, talc, mica, diatomaceous earth, urea, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate and bicarbonate, and sodium sulfate. Typical solid diluents are described in Watkins et al., Handbook of Insecticide Dust Diluents and Carriers, 2nd Ed., Dorland Books, Caldwell, N.J.

Liquid diluents include, for example, water, N,N-dimethylalkanamides (e.g., N,N-dimethylformamide), limonene, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-alkylpyrrolidones (e.g., N-methylpyrrolidinone), alkyl phosphates (e.g., triethyl phosphate), ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, paraffins (e.g., white mineral oils, normal paraffins, isoparaffins), alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, glycerine, glycerol triacetate, sorbitol, aromatic hydrocarbons, dearomatized aliphatics, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, ketones such as cyclohexanone, 2-heptanone, isophorone and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, acetates such as isoamyl acetate, hexyl acetate, heptyl acetate, octyl acetate, nonyl acetate, tridecyl acetate and isobornyl acetate, other esters such as alkylated lactate esters, dibasic esters, alkyl and aryl benzoates and γ-butyrolactone, and alcohols, which can be linear, branched, saturated or unsaturated, such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, isobutyl alcohol, n-hexanol, 2-ethylhexanol, n-octanol, decanol, isodecyl alcohol, isooctadecanol, cetyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, tridecyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, diacetone alcohol, cresol and benzyl alcohol. Liquid diluents also include glycerol esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (typically C₆-C₂₂), such as plant seed and fruit oils (e.g., oils of olive, castor, linseed, sesame, corn (maize), peanut, sunflower, grapeseed, safflower, cottonseed, soybean, rapeseed, coconut and palm kernel), animal-sourced fats (e.g., beef tallow, pork tallow, lard, cod liver oil, fish oil), and mixtures thereof. Liquid diluents also include alkylated fatty acids (e.g., methylated, ethylated, butylated) wherein the fatty acids may be obtained by hydrolysis of glycerol esters from plant and animal sources, and can be purified by distillation. Typical liquid diluents are described in Marsden, Solvents Guide, 2nd Ed., Interscience, New York, 1950.

The solid and liquid compositions of the present invention often include one or more surfactants. When added to a liquid, surfactants (also known as “surface-active agents”) generally modify, most often reduce, the surface tension of the liquid. Depending on the nature of the hydrophilic and lipophilic groups in a surfactant molecule, surfactants can be useful as wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers or defoaming agents.

Surfactants can be classified as nonionic, anionic or cationic. Nonionic surfactants useful for the present compositions include, but are not limited to: alcohol alkoxylates such as alcohol alkoxylates based on natural and synthetic alcohols (which may be branched or linear) and prepared from the alcohols and ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixtures thereof; amine ethoxylates, alkanolamides and ethoxylated alkanolamides; alkoxylated triglycerides such as ethoxylated soybean, castor and rapeseed oils; alkylphenol alkoxylates such as octylphenol ethoxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates, dinonyl phenol ethoxylates and dodecyl phenol ethoxylates (prepared from the phenols and ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixtures thereof); block polymers prepared from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide and reverse block polymers where the terminal blocks are prepared from propylene oxide; ethoxylated fatty acids; ethoxylated fatty esters and oils; ethoxylated methyl esters; ethoxylated tristyrylphenol (including those prepared from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixtures thereof); fatty acid esters, glycerol esters, lanolin-based derivatives, polyethoxylate esters such as polyethoxylated sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyethoxylated sorbitol fatty acid esters and polyethoxylated glycerol fatty acid esters; other sorbitan derivatives such as sorbitan esters; polymeric surfactants such as random copolymers, block copolymers, alkyd peg (polyethylene glycol) resins, graft or comb polymers and star polymers; polyethylene glycols (pegs); polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters; silicone-based surfactants; and sugar-derivatives such as sucrose esters, alkyl polyglycosides and alkyl polysaccharides.

Useful anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to: alkylaryl sulfonic acids and their salts; carboxylated alcohol or alkylphenol ethoxylates; diphenyl sulfonate derivatives; lignin and lignin derivatives such as lignosulfonates; maleic or succinic acids or their anhydrides; olefin sulfonates; phosphate esters such as phosphate esters of alcohol alkoxylates, phosphate esters of alkylphenol alkoxylates and phosphate esters of styryl phenol ethoxylates; protein-based surfactants; sarcosine derivatives; styryl phenol ether sulfate; sulfates and sulfonates of oils and fatty acids; sulfates and sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols; sulfates of alcohols; sulfates of ethoxylated alcohols; sulfonates of amines and amides such as N,N-alkyltaurates; sulfonates of benzene, cumene, toluene, xylene, and dodecyl and tridecylbenzenes; sulfonates of condensed naphthalenes; sulfonates of naphthalene and alkyl naphthalene; sulfonates of fractionated petroleum; sulfosuccinamates; and sulfosuccinates and their derivatives such as dialkyl sulfosuccinate salts.

Useful cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to: amides and ethoxylated amides; amines such as N-alkyl propanediamines, tripropylenetriamines and dipropylenetetramines, and ethoxylated amines, ethoxylated diamines and propoxylated amines (prepared from the amines and ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixtures thereof); amine salts such as amine acetates and diamine salts; quaternary ammonium salts such as quaternary salts, ethoxylated quaternary salts and diquaternary salts; and amine oxides such as alkyldimethylamine oxides and bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-alkylamine oxides.

Also useful for the present compositions are mixtures of nonionic and anionic surfactants or mixtures of nonionic and cationic surfactants. Nonionic, anionic and cationic surfactants and their recommended uses are disclosed in a variety of published references including McCutcheon's Emulsifiers and Detergents, annual American and International Editions published by McCutcheon's Division, The Manufacturing Confectioner Publishing Co.; Sisely and Wood, Encyclopedia of Surface Active Agents, Chemical Publ. Co., Inc., New York, 1964; and A. S. Davidson and B. Milwidsky, Synthetic Detergents, Seventh Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1987.

Compositions of this invention may also contain formulation auxiliaries and additives, known to those skilled in the art as formulation aids (some of which may be considered to also function as solid diluents, liquid diluents or surfactants). Such formulation auxiliaries and additives may control: pH (buffers), foaming during processing (antifoams such polyorganosiloxanes), sedimentation of active ingredients (suspending agents), viscosity (thixotropic thickeners), in-container microbial growth (antimicrobials), product freezing (antifreezes), color (dyes/pigment dispersions), wash-off (film formers or stickers), evaporation (evaporation retardants), and other formulation attributes. Film formers include, for example, polyvinyl acetates, polyvinyl acetate copolymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers and waxes. Examples of formulation auxiliaries and additives include those listed in McCutcheon's Volume 2: Functional Materials, annual International and North American editions published by McCutcheon's Division, The Manufacturing Confectioner Publishing Co.; and PCT Publication WO 03/024222.

The compound of Formula 1 and any other active ingredients are typically incorporated into the present compositions by dissolving the active ingredient in a solvent or by grinding in a liquid or dry diluent. Solutions, including emulsifiable concentrates, can be prepared by simply mixing the ingredients. If the solvent of a liquid composition intended for use as an emulsifiable concentrate is water-immiscible, an emulsifier is typically added to emulsify the active-containing solvent upon dilution with water. Active ingredient slurries, with particle diameters of up to 2,000 m can be wet milled using media mills to obtain particles with average diameters below 3 μm. Aqueous slurries can be made into finished suspension concentrates (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,060,084) or further processed by spray drying to form water-dispersible granules. Dry formulations usually require dry milling processes, which produce average particle diameters in the 2 to 10 m range. Dusts and powders can be prepared by blending and usually grinding (such as with a hammer mill or fluid-energy mill). Granules and pellets can be prepared by spraying the active material upon preformed granular carriers or by agglomeration techniques. See Browning, “Agglomeration”, Chemical Engineering, Dec. 4, 1967, pp 147-48, Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963, pages 8-57 and following, and WO 91/13546. Pellets can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,172,714. Water-dispersible and water-soluble granules can be prepared as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,144,050, 3,920,442 and DE 3,246,493. Tablets can be prepared as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,180,587, 5,232,701 and 5,208,030. Films can be prepared as taught in GB 2,095,558 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,299,566.

For further information regarding the art of formulation, see T. S. Woods, “The Formulator's Toolbox—Product Forms for Modern Agriculture” in Pesticide Chemistry and Bioscience, The Food-Environment Challenge, T. Brooks and T. R. Roberts, Eds., Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on Pesticide Chemistry, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1999, pp. 120-133. See also U.S. Pat. No. 3,235,361, Col. 6, line 16 through Col. 7, line 19 and Examples 10-41; U.S. Pat. No. 3,309,192, Col. 5, line 43 through Col. 7, line 62 and Examples 8, 12, 15, 39, 41, 52, 53, 58, 132, 138-140, 162-164, 166, 167 and 169-182; U.S. Pat. No. 2,891,855, Col. 3, line 66 through Col. 5, line 17 and Examples 1-4; Klingman, Weed Control as a Science, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1961, pp 81-96; Hance et al., Weed Control Handbook, 8th Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1989; and Developments in formulation technology, PJB Publications, Richmond, U K, 2000.

In the following Examples, all percentages are by weight and all formulations are prepared in conventional ways. Compound numbers refer to compounds in Index Table A. Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art using the preceding description can utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following Examples are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limiting of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. Percentages are by weight except where otherwise indicated.

Example A

High Strength Concentrate Compound 1 98.5% silica aerogel 0.5% synthetic amorphous fine silica 1.0%

Example B

Wettable Powder Compound 1 65.0% dodecylphenol polyethylene glycol ether 2.0% sodium ligninsulfonate 4.0% sodium silicoaluminate 6.0% montmorillonite (calcined) 23.0%

Example C

Granule Compound 1 10.0% attapulgite granules (low volatile matter, 0.71/0.30 mm; 90.0% U.S.S. No. 25-50 sieves)

Example D

Extruded Pellet Compound 1 25.0% anhydrous sodium sulfate 10.0% crude calcium ligninsulfonate 5.0% sodium alkylnaphthalenesulfonate 1.0% calcium/magnesium bentonite 59.0%

Example E

Emulsifiable Concentrate Compound 1 10.0% polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexoleate 20.0% C₆-C₁₀ fatty acid methyl ester 70.0%

Example F

Microemulsion Compound 1 5.0% polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer 30.0% alkylpolyglycoside 30.0% glyceryl monooleate 15.0% water 20.0%

Example G

Suspension Concentrate Compound 1  35% butyl polyoxyethylene/polypropylene block copolymer 4.0% stearic acid/polyethylene glycol copolymer 1.0% styrene acrylic polymer 1.0% xanthan gum 0.1% propylene glycol 5.0% silicone based defoamer 0.1% 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one 0.1% water 53.7% 

Example H

Emulsion in Water Compound 1 10.0% butyl polyoxyethylene/polypropylene block copolymer 4.0% stearic acid/polyethylene glycol copolymer 1.0% styrene acrylic polymer 1.0% xanthan gum 0.1% propylene glycol 5.0% silicone based defoamer 0.1% 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one 0.1% aromatic petroleum based hydrocarbon 20.0 water 58.7%

Example I

Oil Dispersion Compound 1 25% polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexaoleate 15% organically modified bentonite clay 2.5%  fatty acid methyl ester 57.5%  

The present disclosure also includes Formulation Examples A through I above except “Compound is 1” in each of the above Examples A through I is replaced with “Compound 2”, “Compound 3” “Compound 4” “Compound 5”, “Compound 6”, “Compound 7”, “Compound 8”, “Compound 9”, “Compound 10”, “Compound 11”, “Compound 12”, “Compound 13”, “Compound 14”, “Compound 15”, “Compound 16”, “Compound 17”, “Compound 18”, “Compound 19”, “Compound 20”, “Compound 21”, “Compound 22”, “Compound 23”, “Compound 24”, “Compound 25”, “Compound 26”, “Compound 27” or “Compound 28”.

Test results indicate that the compounds of the present invention are observed to be highly active preemergent and/or postemergent herbicides and/or plant growth regulants. The compounds of the invention are observed to generally show highest activity for postemergence weed control (i.e. applied after weed seedlings emerge from the soil) and preemergence weed control (i.e. applied before weed seedlings emerge from the soil). Many of them are observed to have utility for broad-spectrum pre- and/or postemergence weed control in areas where complete control of all vegetation is desired such as around fuel storage tanks, industrial storage areas, parking lots, drive-in theaters, air fields, river banks, irrigation and other waterways, around billboards and highway and railroad structures. Many of the compounds of this invention, by virtue of selective metabolism in crops versus weeds, or by selective activity at the locus of physiological inhibition in crops and weeds, or by selective placement on or within the environment of a mixture of crops and weeds, are observed to be useful for the selective control of grass and broadleaf weeds within a crop/weed mixture. One skilled in the art will recognize that the preferred combination of these selectivity factors within a compound or group of compounds can readily be determined by performing routine biological and/or biochemical assays. Compounds of this invention are observed to show tolerance to important agronomic crops including, but is not limited to, alfalfa, barley, cotton, wheat, rape, sugar beets, corn (maize), sorghum, soybeans, rice, oats, peanuts, vegetables, tomato, potato, perennial plantation crops including coffee, cocoa, oil palm, rubber, sugarcane, citrus, grapes, fruit trees, nut trees, banana, plantain, pineapple, hops, tea and forests such as eucalyptus and conifers (e.g., loblolly pine), and turf species (e.g., Kentucky bluegrass, St. Augustine grass, Kentucky fescue and Bermuda grass). Compounds of this invention can be used in crops genetically transformed or bred to incorporate resistance to herbicides, express proteins toxic to invertebrate pests (such as Bacillus thuringiensis toxin), and/or express other useful traits. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that not all compounds are equally effective against all weeds. Alternatively, the subject compounds are useful to modify plant growth.

As the compounds of the invention have both preemergent and postemergent herbicidal activity, to control undesired vegetation by killing or injuring the vegetation or reducing its growth, the compounds can be usefully applied by a variety of methods involving contacting a herbicidally effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a composition comprising said compound and at least one of a surfactant, a solid diluent or a liquid diluent, to the foliage or other part of the undesired vegetation or to the environment of the undesired vegetation such as the soil or water in which the undesired vegetation is growing or which surrounds the seed or other propagule of the undesired vegetation.

A herbicidally effective amount of the compounds of this invention is determined by a number of factors. These factors include: formulation selected, method of application, amount and type of vegetation present, growing conditions, etc. In general, a herbicidally effective amount of compounds of this invention is about 0.001 to 20 kg/ha with a preferred range of about 0.004 to 1 kg/ha. One skilled in the art can easily determine the herbicidally effective amount necessary for the desired level of weed control.

In one common embodiment, a compound of the invention is applied, typically in a formulated composition, to a locus comprising desired vegetation (e.g., crops) and undesired vegetation (i.e. weeds), both of which may be seeds, seedlings and/or larger plants, in contact with a growth medium (e.g., soil). In this locus, a composition comprising a compound of the invention can be directly applied to a plant or a part thereof, particularly of the undesired vegetation, and/or to the growth medium in contact with the plant.

Plant varieties and cultivars of the desired vegetation in the locus treated with a compound of the invention can be obtained by conventional propagation and breeding methods or by genetic engineering methods. Genetically modified plants (transgenic plants) are those in which a heterologous gene (transgene) has been stably integrated into the plant's genome. A transgene that is defined by its particular location in the plant genome is called a transformation or transgenic event.

Genetically modified plant cultivars in the locus which can be treated according to the invention include those that are resistant against one or more biotic stresses (pests such as nematodes, insects, mites, fungi, etc.) or abiotic stresses (drought, cold temperature, soil salinity, etc.), or that contain other desirable characteristics. Plants can be genetically modified to exhibit traits of, for example, herbicide tolerance, insect-resistance, modified oil profiles or drought tolerance. Useful genetically modified plants containing single gene transformation events or combinations of transformation events are listed in Exhibit C. Additional information for the genetic modifications listed in Exhibit C can be obtained from publicly available databases maintained, for example, by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

The following abbreviations, T1 through T37, are used in Exhibit C for traits. A “-” means the entry is not available; “tol.” means “tolerance” and “res.” means resistance.

Trait Description T1 Glyphosate tol. T2 High lauric acid oil T3 Glufosinate tol. T4 Phytate breakdown T5 Oxynil tol. T6 Disease res. T7 Insect res. T9 Modified flower color T11 ALS Herbicide tol. T12 Dicamba tol. T13 Anti-allergy T14 Salt tol. T15 Cold tol. T16 Imidazolinone herb. tol. T17 Modified alpha-amylase T18 Pollination control T19 2,4-D tol. T20 Increased lysine T21 Drought tol. T22 Delayed ripening/senescence T23 Modified product quality T24 High cellulose T25 Modified starch/carbohydrate T26 Insect & disease resist. T27 High tryptophan T28 Erect leaves semidwarf T29 Semidwarf T30 Low iron tol. T31 Modified oil/fatty acid T32 HPPD tol. T33 High oil T34 Aryloxyalkanoate tol. T35 Mesotrione tol. T36 Reduced nicotine T37 Modified product

Exhibit C

Crop Event Name Event Code Trait(s) Gene(s) Alfalfa J101 MON-00101-8 T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Alfalfa J163 MON-ØØ163-7 T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Canola* 23-18-17 (Event 18) CGN-89465-2 T2 te Canola* 23-198 (Event 23) CGN-89465-2 T2 te Canola* 61061 DP-Ø61Ø61-7 T1 gat4621 Canola* 73496 DP-Ø73496-4 T1 gat4621 Canola* GT200 (RT200) MON-89249-2 T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4); goxv247 Canola* GT73 (RT73) MON-ØØØ73-7 T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4); goxv247 Canola* HCN10 (Topas 19/2) — T3 bar Canola* HCN28 (T45) ACS-BNØØ8-2 T3 pat (syn) Canola* HCN92 (Topas 19/2) ACS-BNØØ7-1 T3 bar Canola* MON88302 MON-883Ø2-9 T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Canola* MPS961 — T4 phyA Canola* MPS962 — T4 phyA Canola* MPS963 — T4 phyA Canola* MPS964 — T4 phyA Canola* MPS965 — T4 phyA Canola* MS1 (B91-4) ACS-BNØØ4-7 T3 bar Canola* MS8 ACS-BNØØ5-8 T3 bar Canola* OXY-235 ACS-BNØ11-5 T5 bxn Canola* PHY14 — T3 bar Canola* PHY23 — T3 bar Canola* PHY35 — T3 bar Canola* PHY36 — T3 bar Canola* RF1 (B93-101) ACS-BNØØ1-4 T3 bar Canola* RF2 (B94-2) ACS-BNØØ2-5 T3 bar Canola* RF3 ACS-BNØØ3-6 T3 bar Bean EMBRAPA 5.1 EMB-PV051-1 T6 ac1 (sense and antisense) Brinjal # EE-1 — T7 cry1Ac Cotton 19-51a DD-Ø1951A-7 T11 S4-HrA Cotton 281-24-236 DAS-24236-5 T3, T7 pat (syn); cry1F Cotton 3006-210-23 DAS-21Ø23-5 T3, T7 pat (syn); cry1Ac Cotton 31707 — T5, T7 bxn; cry1Ac Cotton 31803 — T5, T7 bxn; cry1Ac Cotton 31807 — T5, T7 bxn; cry1Ac Cotton 31808 — T5, T7 bxn; cry1Ac Cotton 42317 — T5, T7 bxn; cry1Ac Cotton BNLA-601 — T7 cry1Ac Cotton BXN10211 BXN10211-9 T5 bxn; cry1Ac Cotton BXN10215 BXN10215-4 T5 bxn; cry1Ac Cotton BXN10222 BXN10222-2 T5 bxn; cry1Ac Cotton BXN10224 BXN10224-4 T5 bxn; cry1Ac Cotton COT102 SYN-IR102-7 T7 vip3A(a) Cotton COT67B SYN-IR67B-1 T7 cry1Ab Cotton COT202 — T7 vip3A Cotton Event 1 — T7 cry1Ac Cotton GMF Cry1A GTL- T7 cry1Ab-Ac GMF311-7 Cotton GHB119 BCS-GH005-8 T7 cry2Ae Cotton GHB614 BCS-GH002-5 T1 2mepsps Cotton GK12 — T7 cry1Ab-Ac Cotton LLCotton25 ACS-GH001-3 T3 bar Cotton MLS 9124 — T7 cry1C Cotton MON1076 MON-89924-2 T7 cry1Ac Cotton MON1445 MON-01445-2 T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Cotton MON15985 MON-15985-7 T7 cry1Ac; cry2Ab2 Cotton MON1698 MON-89383-1 T7 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Cotton MON531 MON-00531-6 T7 cry1Ac Cotton MON757 MON-00757-7 T7 cry1Ac Cotton MON88913 MON-88913-8 T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Cotton Nqwe Chi 6 Bt — T7 — Cotton SKG321 — T7 cry1A; CpTI Cotton T303-3 BCS-GH003-6 T3, T7 cry1Ab; bar Cotton T304-40 BCS-GH004-7 T3, T7 cry1Ab; bar Cotton CE43-67B — T7 cry1Ab Cotton CE46-02A — T7 cry1Ab Cotton CE44-69D — T7 cry1Ab Cotton 1143-14A — T7 cry1Ab Cotton 1143-51B — T7 cry1Ab Cotton T342-142 — T7 cry1Ab Cotton PV-GHGT07 (1445) — T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Cotton EE-GH3 — T1 mepsps Cotton EE-GH5 — T7 cry1Ab Cotton MON88701 MON-88701-3 T3, T12 Modified dmo; bar Cotton OsCr11 — T13 Modified Cry j Flax FP967 CDC-FL001-2 T11 als Lentil RH44 — T16 als Maize 3272 SYN-E3272-5 T17 amy797E Maize 5307 SYN-05307-1 T7 ecry3.1Ab Maize 59122 DAS-59122-7 T3, T7 cry34Ab1; cry35Ab1; pat Maize 676 PH-000676-7 T3, T18 pat; dam Maize 678 PH-000678-9 T3, T18 pat; dam Maize 680 PH-000680-2 T3, T18 pat; dam Maize 98140 DP-098140-6 T1, T11 gat4621; zm-hra Maize Bt10 — T3, T7 cry1Ab; pat Maize Bt176 (176) SYN-EV176-9 T3, T7 cry1Ab; bar Maize BVLA430101 — T4 phyA2 Maize CBH-351 ACS-ZM004-3 T3, T7 cry9C; bar Maize DAS40278-9 DAS40278-9 T19 aad-1 Maize DBT418 DKB-89614-9 T3, T7 cry1Ac; pinII; bar Maize DLL25 (B16) DKB-89790-5 T3 bar Maize GA21 MON-00021-9 T1 mepsps Maize GG25 — T1 mepsps Maize GJ11 — T1 mepsps Maize F1117 — T1 mepsps Maize GAT-ZM1 — T3 pat Maize LY038 REN-00038-3 T20 cordapA Maize MIR162 SYN-IR162-4 T7 vip3Aa20 Maize MIR604 SYN-IR604-5 T7 mcry3A Maize MON801 (MON80100) MON801 T1, T7 cry1Ab; cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4); goxv247 Maize MON802 MON-80200-7 T1, T7 cry1Ab; cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4); goxv247 Maize MON809 PH-MON-809-2 T1, T7 cry1Ab; cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4); goxv247 Maize MON810 MON-00810-6 T1, T7 cry1Ab; cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4); goxv247 Maize MON832 — T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4); goxv247 Maize MON863 MON-00863-5 T7 cry3Bb1 Maize MON87427 MON-87427-7 T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Maize MON87460 MON-87460-4 T21 cspB Maize MON88017 MON-88017-3 T1, T7 cry3Bb1; cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Maize MON89034 MON-89034-3 T7 cry2Ab2; cry1A.105 Maize MS3 ACS-ZM001-9 T3, T18 bar; barnase Maize MS6 ACS-ZM005-4 T3, T18 bar; barnase Maize NK603 MON-00603-6 T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Maize T14 ACS-ZM002-1 T3 pat (syn) Maize T25 ACS-ZM003-2 T3 pat (syn) Maize TC1507 DAS-01507-1 T3, T7 cry1Fa2; pat Maize TC6275 DAS-06275-8 T3, T7 mocry1F; bar Maize VIP1034 — T3, T7 vip3A; pat Maize 43A47 DP-043A47-3 T3, T7 cry1F; cry34Ab1; cry35Ab1; pat Maize 40416 DP-040416-8 T3, T7 cry1F; cry34Ab1; cry35Ab1; pat Maize 32316 DP-032316-8 T3, T7 cry1F; cry34Ab1; cry35Ab1; pat Maize 4114 DP-004114-3 T3, T7 cry1F; cry34Ab1; cry35Ab1; pat Melon Melon A — T22 sam-k Melon Melon B — T22 sam-k Papaya 55-1 CUH-CP551-8 T6 prsv cp Papaya 63-1 CUH-CP631-7 T6 prsv cp Papaya Huanong No. 1 — T6 prsv rep Papaya X17-2 UFL-X17CP-6 T6 prsv cp Plum C-5 ARS-PLMC5-6 T6 ppv cp Canola** ZSR500 — T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4); goxv247 Canola** ZSR502 — T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4); goxv247 Canola** ZSR503 — T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4); goxv247 Rice 7Crp#242-95-7 — T13 7crp Rice 7Crp#10 — T13 7crp Rice GM Shanyou 63 — T7 cry1Ab; cry1Ac Rice Huahui-1/TT51-1 — T7 cry1Ab; cry1Ac Rice LLRICE06 ACS-OS001-4 T3 bar Rice LLRICE601 BCS-OS003-7 T3 bar Rice LLRICE62 ACS-OS002-5 T3 bar Rice Tarom molaii + cry1Ab — T7 cry1Ab (truncated) Rice GAT-OS2 — T3 bar Rice GAT-OS3 — T3 bar Rice PE-7 — T7 Cry1Ac Rice 7Crp#10 — T13 7crp Rice KPD627-8 — T27 OASA1D Rice KPD722-4 — T27 OASA1D Rice KA317 — T27 OASA1D Rice HW5 — T27 OASA1D Rice HW1 — T27 OASA1D Rice B-4-1-18 — T28 Δ OsBRI1 Rice G-3-3-22 — T29 OSGA2ox1 Rice AD77 — T6 DEF Rice AD51 — T6 DEF Rice AD48 — T6 DEF Rice AD41 — T6 DEF Rice 13pNasNa800725atAprt1 — T30 HvNAS1; HvNAAT-A; APRT Rice 13pAprt1 — T30 APRT Rice gHvNAS1-gHvNAAT-1 — T30 HvNAS1; HvNAAT-A; HvNAAT-B Rice gHvIDS3-1 — T30 HvIDS3 Rice gHvNAAT1 — T30 HvNAAT-A; HvNAAT-B Rice gHvNAS1-1 — T30 HvNAS1 Rice NIA-OS006-4 — T6 WRKY45 Rice NIA-OS005-3 — T6 WRKY45 Rice NIA-OS004-2 — T6 WRKY45 Rice NIA-OS003-1 — T6 WRKY45 Rice NIA-OS002-9 — T6 WRKY45 Rice NIA-OS001-8 — T6 WRKY45 Rice OsCr11 — T13 Modified Cry j Rice 17053 — T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Rice 17314 — T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Rose WKS82/130-4-1 IFD-52401-4 T9 5AT; bp40 (f3′5′h) Rose WKS92/130-9-1 IFD-52901-9 T9 5AT; bp40 (f3′5′h) Soybean 260-05 (G94-1, G94-19, — T9 gm-fad2-1 (silencing locus) G168) Soybean A2704-12 ACS-GM005-3 T3 pat Soybean A2704-21 ACS-GM004-2 T3 pat Soybean A5547-127 ACS-GM006-4 T3 pat Soybean A5547-35 ACS-GM008-6 T3 pat Soybean CV127 BPS-CV127-9 T16 csr1-2 Soybean DAS68416-4 DAS68416-4 T3 pat Soybean DP305423 DP-305423-1 T11, T31 gm-fad2-1 (silencing locus); gm-hra Soybean DP356043 DP-356043-5 T1, T31 gm-fad2-1 (silencing locus); gat4601 Soybean FG72 MST-FG072-3 T32, T1 2mepsps; hppdPF W336 Soybean GTS 40-3-2 (40-3-2) MON-04032-6 T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Soybean GU262 ACS-GM003-1 T3 pat Soybean MON87701 MON-87701-2 T7 cry1Ac Soybean MON87705 MON-87705-6 T1, T31 fatb1-A (sense & antisense); fad2- 1A (sense & antisense); cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Soybean MON87708 MON-87708-9 T1, T12 dmo; cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Soybean MON87769 MON-87769-7 T1, T31 Pj.D6D; Nc.Fad3; cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Soybean MON89788 MON-89788-1 T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Soybean W62 ACS-GM002-9 T3 bar Soybean W98 ACS-GM001-8 T3 bar Soybean MON87754 MON-87754-1 T33 dgat2A Soybean DAS21606 DAS-21606 T34, T3 Modified aad-12; pat Soybean DAS44406 DAS-44406-6 T1, T3, T34 Modified aad-12; 2mepsps; pat Soybean SYHT04R SYN-0004R-8 T35 Modified avhppd Soybean 9582.814.19.1 — T3, T7 cry1Ac, cry1F, PAT Squash CZW3 SEM-ØCZW3-2 T6 cmv cp, zymv cp, wmv cp Squash ZW20 SEM-0ZW20-7 T6 zymv cp, wmv cp Sugar Beet GTSB77 (T9100152) SY-GTSB77-8 T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4); goxv247 Sugar Beet H7-1 KM-000H71-4 T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Sugar Beet T120-7 ACS-BV001-3 T3 pat Sugar Beet T227-1 — T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Sugarcane NXI-1T — T21 EcbetA Sunflower X81359 — T16 als Pepper PK-SP01 — T6 cmv cp Tobacco C/F/93/08-02 — T5 bxn Tobacco Vector 21-41 — T36 NtQPT1 (antisense) Sunflower X81359 — T16 als Wheat MON71800 MON-718ØØ-3 T1 cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) *Argentine (Brassica napus), **Polish (B. rapa), # Eggplant

Although most typically, compounds of the invention are used to control undesired vegetation, contact of desired vegetation in the treated locus with compounds of the invention may result in super-additive or synergistic effects with genetic traits in the desired vegetation, including traits incorporated through genetic modification. For example, resistance to phytophagous insect pests or plant diseases, tolerance to biotic/abiotic stresses or storage stability may be greater than expected from the genetic traits in the desired vegetation.

Compounds of this invention can also be mixed with one or more other biologically active compounds or agents including herbicides, herbicide safeners, fungicides, insecticides, nematocides, bactericides, acaricides, growth regulators such as insect molting inhibitors and rooting stimulants, chemosterilants, semiochemicals, repellents, attractants, pheromones, feeding stimulants, plant nutrients, other biologically active compounds or entomopathogenic bacteria, virus or fungi to form a multi-component pesticide giving an even broader spectrum of agricultural protection. Mixtures of the compounds of the invention with other herbicides can broaden the spectrum of activity against additional weed species, and suppress the proliferation of any resistant biotypes. Thus the present invention also pertains to a composition comprising a compound of Formula 1 (in a herbicidally effective amount) and at least one additional biologically active compound or agent (in a biologically effective amount) and can further comprise at least one of a surfactant, a solid diluent or a liquid diluent. The other biologically active compounds or agents can be formulated in compositions comprising at least one of a surfactant, solid or liquid diluent. For mixtures of the present invention, one or more other biologically active compounds or agents can be formulated together with a compound of Formula 1, to form a premix, or one or more other biologically active compounds or agents can be formulated separately from the compound of Formula 1, and the formulations combined together before application (e.g., in a spray tank) or, alternatively, applied in succession.

A mixture of one or more of the following herbicides with a compound of this invention may be particularly useful for weed control: acetochlor, acifluorfen and its sodium salt, aclonifen, acrolein (2-propenal), alachlor, alloxydim, ametryn, amicarbazone, amidosulfuron, aminocyclopyrachlor and its esters (e.g., methyl, ethyl) and salts (e.g., sodium, potassium), aminopyralid, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, anilofos, asulam, atrazine, azimsulfuron, beflubutamid, benazolin, benazolin-ethyl, bencarbazone, benfluralin, benfuresate, bensulfuron-methyl, bensulide, bentazone, benzobicyclon, benzofenap, bicyclopyrone, bifenox, bilanafos, bispyribac and its sodium salt, bromacil, bromobutide, bromofenoxim, bromoxynil, bromoxynil octanoate, butachlor, butafenacil, butamifos, butralin, butroxydim, butylate, cafenstrole, carbetamide, carfentrazone-ethyl, catechin, chlomethoxyfen, chloramben, chlorbromuron, chlorflurenol-methyl, chloridazon, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorotoluron, chlorpropham, chlorsulfuron, chlorthal-dimethyl, chlorthiamid, cinidon-ethyl, cinmethylin, cinosulfuron, clacyfos, clefoxydim, clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, clomazone, clomeprop, clopyralid, clopyralid-olamine, cloransulam-methyl, cumyluron, cyanazine, cycloate, cyclopyrimorate, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxydim, cyhalofop-butyl, 2,4-D and its butotyl, butyl, isoctyl and isopropyl esters and its dimethylammonium, diolamine and trolamine salts, daimuron, dalapon, dalapon-sodium, dazomet, 2,4-DB and its dimethylammonium, potassium and sodium salts, desmedipham, desmetryn, dicamba and its diglycolammonium, dimethylammonium, potassium and sodium salts, dichlobenil, dichlorprop, diclofop-methyl, diclosulam, difenzoquat metilsulfate, diflufenican, diflufenzopyr, dimefuron, dimepiperate, dimethachlor, dimethametryn, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, dimethipin, dimethylarsinic acid and its sodium salt, dinitramine, dinoterb, diphenamid, diquat dibromide, dithiopyr, diuron, DNOC, endothal, EPTC, esprocarb, ethalfluralin, ethametsulfuron-methyl, ethiozin, ethofumesate, ethoxyfen, ethoxysulfuron, etobenzanid, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, fenoxasulfone, fenquinotrione, fentrazamide, fenuron, fenuron-TCA, flamprop-methyl, flamprop-M-isopropyl, flamprop-M-methyl, flazasulfuron, florasulam, fluazifop-butyl, fluazifop-P-butyl, fluazolate, flucarbazone, flucetosulfuron, fluchloralin, flufenacet, flufenpyr, flufenpyr-ethyl, flumetsulam, flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, fluometuron, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, flupoxam, flupyrsulfuron-methyl and its sodium salt, flurenol, flurenol-butyl, fluridone, flurochloridone, fluroxypyr, flurtamone, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, foramsulfuron, fosamine-ammonium, glufosinate, glufosinate-ammonium, glufosinate-P, glyphosate and its salts such as ammonium, isopropylammonium, potassium, sodium (including sesquisodium) and trimesium (alternatively named sulfosate), halauxifen, halauxifen-methyl, halosulfuron-methyl, haloxyfop-etotyl, haloxyfop-methyl, hexazinone, hydantocidin, imazamethabenz-methyl, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazaquin-ammonium, imazethapyr, imazethapyr-ammonium, imazosulfuron, indanofan, indaziflam, iofensulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl, ioxynil, ioxynil octanoate, ioxynil-sodium, ipfencarbazone, isoproturon, isouron, isoxaben, isoxaflutole, isoxachlortole, lactofen, lenacil, linuron, maleic hydrazide, MCPA and its salts (e.g., MCPA-dimethylammonium, MCPA-potassium and MCPA-sodium, esters (e.g., MCPA-2-ethylhexyl, MCPA-butotyl) and thioesters (e.g., MCPA-thioethyl), MCPB and its salts (e.g., MCPB-sodium) and esters (e.g., MCPB-ethyl), mecoprop, mecoprop-P, mefenacet, mefluidide, mesosulfuron-methyl, mesotrione, metam-sodium, metamifop, metamitron, metazachlor, metazosulfuron, methabenzthiazuron, methylarsonic acid and its calcium, monoammonium, monosodium and disodium salts, methyldymron, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, metosulam, metoxuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron-methyl, molinate, monolinuron, naproanilide, napropamide, napropamide-M, naptalam, neburon, nicosulfuron, norflurazon, orbencarb, orthosulfamuron, oryzalin, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxasulfuron, oxaziclomefone, oxyfluorfen, paraquat dichloride, pebulate, pelargonic acid, pendimethalin, penoxsulam, pentanochlor, pentoxazone, perfluidone, pethoxamid, pethoxyamid, phenmedipham, picloram, picloram-potassium, picolinafen, pinoxaden, piperophos, pretilachlor, primisulfuron-methyl, prodiamine, profoxydim, prometon, prometryn, propachlor, propanil, propaquizafop, propazine, propham, propisochlor, propoxycarbazone, propyrisulfuron, propyzamide, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, pyraclonil, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyrasulfotole, pyrazogyl, pyrazolynate, pyrazoxyfen, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, pyribenzoxim, pyributicarb, pyridate, pyriftalid, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac, pyrithiobac-sodium, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam, quinclorac, quinmerac, quinoclamine, quizalofop-ethyl, quizalofop-P-ethyl, quizalofop-P-tefuryl, rimsulfuron, saflufenacil, sethoxydim, siduron, simazine, simetryn, sulcotrione, sulfentrazone, sulfometuron-methyl, sulfosulfuron, 2,3,6-TBA, TCA, TCA-sodium, tebutam, tebuthiuron, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, tepraloxydim, terbacil, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, thenylchlor, thiazopyr, thiencarbazone, thifensulfuron-methyl, thiobencarb, tiafenacil, tiocarbazil, tolpyralate, topramezone, tralkoxydim, tri-allate, triafamone, triasulfuron, triaziflam, tribenuron-methyl, triclopyr, triclopyr-butotyl, triclopyr-triethylammonium, tridiphane, trietazine, trifloxysulfuron, trifludimoxazin, trifluralin, triflusulfuron-methyl, tritosulfuron, vernolate, 3-(2-chloro-3,6-difluorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,5-naphthyridin-2(1H)-one, 5-chloro-3-[(2-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)carbonyl]-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2(1H)-quinoxalinone, 2-chloro-N-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 7-(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)-5-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-8-hydroxypyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-6(5H)-one), 4-(2,6-diethyl-4-methylphenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-3 (2H)-pyridazinone), 5-[[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methoxy]methyl]-4,5-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)isoxazole (previously methioxolin), 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-[(2-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)carbonyl]-2-methyl-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione, methyl 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoro-2-pyridinecarboxylate, 2-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)-N-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide and 2-methyl-N-(4-methyl-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-(methylsulfinyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. Other herbicides also include bioherbicides such as Alternaria destruens Simmons, Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc., Drechsiera monoceras (MTB-951), Myrothecium verrucaria (Albertini & Schweinitz) Ditmar: Fries, Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. and Puccinia thlaspeos Schub.

Compounds of this invention can also be used in combination with plant growth regulators such as aviglycine, N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine, epocholeone, gibberellic acid, gibberellin A₄ and A₇, harpin protein, mepiquat chloride, prohexadione calcium, prohydrojasmon, sodium nitrophenolate and trinexapac-methyl, and plant growth modifying organisms such as Bacillus cereus strain BP01.

General references for agricultural protectants (i.e. herbicides, herbicide safeners, insecticides, fungicides, nematocides, acaricides and biological agents) include The Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition, C. D. S. Tomlin, Ed., British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, U. K., 2003 and The BioPesticide Manual, 2nd Edition, L. G. Copping, Ed., British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, U. K., 2001.

For embodiments where one or more of these various mixing partners are used, the mixing partners are typically used in the amounts similar to amounts customary when the mixture partners are used alone. More particularly in mixtures, active ingredients are often applied at an application rate between one-half and the full application rate specified on product labels for use of active ingredient alone. These amounts are listed in references such as The Pesticide Manual and The BioPesticide Manual. The weight ratio of these various mixing partners (in total) to the compound of Formula 1 is typically between about 1:3000 and about 3000:1. Of note are weight ratios between about 1:300 and about 300:1 (for example ratios between about 1:30 and about 30:1). One skilled in the art can easily determine through simple experimentation the biologically effective amounts of active ingredients necessary for the desired spectrum of biological activity. It will be evident that including these additional components may expand the spectrum of weeds controlled beyond the spectrum controlled by the compound of Formula 1 alone.

In certain instances, combinations of a compound of this invention with other biologically active (particularly herbicidal) compounds or agents (i.e. active ingredients) can result in a greater-than-additive (i.e. synergistic) effect on weeds and/or a less-than-additive effect (i.e. safening) on crops or other desirable plants. Reducing the quantity of active ingredients released in the environment while ensuring effective pest control is always desirable. Ability to use greater amounts of active ingredients to provide more effective weed control without excessive crop injury is also desirable. When synergism of herbicidal active ingredients occurs on weeds at application rates giving agronomically satisfactory levels of weed control, such combinations can be advantageous for reducing crop production cost and decreasing environmental load. When safening of herbicidal active ingredients occurs on crops, such combinations can be advantageous for increasing crop protection by reducing weed competition.

Of note is a combination of a compound of the invention with at least one other herbicidal active ingredient. Of particular note is such a combination where the other herbicidal active ingredient has different site of action from the compound of the invention. In certain instances, a combination with at least one other herbicidal active ingredient having a similar spectrum of control but a different site of action will be particularly advantageous for resistance management. Thus, a composition of the present invention can further comprise (in a herbicidally effective amount) at least one additional herbicidal active ingredient having a similar spectrum of control but a different site of action.

Compounds of this invention can also be used in combination with herbicide safeners such as allidochlor, benoxacor, cloquintocet-mexyl, cumyluron, cyometrinil, cyprosulfonamide, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietholate, dimepiperate, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen-ethyl, mefenpyr-diethyl, mephenate, methoxyphenone naphthalic anhydride (1,8-naphthalic anhydride), oxabetrinil, N-(aminocarbonyl)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide, N-(aminocarbonyl)-2-fluorobenzenesulfonamide, 1-bromo-4-[(chloromethyl)sulfonyl]benzene (BCS), 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azospiro[4.5]decane (MON 4660), 2-(dichloromethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (MG 191), ethyl 1,6-dihydro-1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-6-oxo-2-phenyl-5-pyrimidinecarboxylate, 2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3-carboxamide, and 3-oxo-1-cyclohexen-1-yl 1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-2-phenyl-5-pyrimidinecarboxylate, 2,2-dichloro-1-(2,2,5-trimethyl-3-oxazolidinyl)-ethanone and 2-methoxy-N-[[4-[[(methylamino)carbonyl]amino]phenyl]sulfonyl]-benzamide to increase safety to certain crops. Antidotally effective amounts of the herbicide safeners can be applied at the same time as the compounds of this invention, or applied as seed treatments. Therefore an aspect of the present invention relates to a herbicidal mixture comprising a compound of this invention and an antidotally effective amount of a herbicide safener. Seed treatment is particularly useful for selective weed control, because it physically restricts antidoting to the crop plants. Therefore a particularly useful embodiment of the present invention is a method for selectively controlling the growth of undesired vegetation in a crop comprising contacting the locus of the crop with a herbicidally effective amount of a compound of this invention wherein seed from which the crop is grown is treated with an antidotally effective amount of safener. Antidotally effective amounts of safeners can be easily determined by one skilled in the art through simple experimentation.

Compounds of the invention cans also be mixed with: (1) polynucleotides including but not limited to DNA, RNA, and/or chemically modified nucleotides influencing the amount of a particular target through down regulation, interference, suppression or silencing of the genetically derived transcript that render a herbicidal effect; or (2) polynucleotides including but not limited to DNA, RNA, and/or chemically modified nucleotides influencing the amount of a particular target through down regulation, interference, suppression or silencing of the genetically derived transcript that render a safening effect.

Of note is a composition comprising a compound of the invention (in a herbicidally effective amount), at least one additional active ingredient selected from the group consisting of other herbicides and herbicide safeners (in an effective amount), and at least one component selected from the group consisting of surfactants, solid diluents and liquid diluents.

Table A1 lists specific combinations of a Component (a) with Component (b) illustrative of the mixtures, compositions and methods of the present invention. Compound 1 in the Component (a) column is identified in Index Table A. The second column of Table A1 lists the specific Component (b) compound (e.g., “2,4-D” in the first line). The third, fourth and fifth columns of Table A1 lists ranges of weight ratios for rates at which the Component (a) compound is typically applied to a field-grown crop relative to Component (b) (i.e. (a):(b)). Thus, for example, the first line of Table A1 specifically discloses the combination of Component (a) (i.e. Compound 1 in Index Table A through D) with 2,4-D is typically applied in a weight ratio between 1:192-6:1. The remaining lines of Table A1 are to be construed similarly.

TABLE A1 Component (a) Typical More Typical Most Typical (Compound #) Component (b) Weight Ratio Weight Ratio Weight Ratio 1 2,4-D 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Acetochlor 1:768-2:1  1:256-1:2   1:96-1:11 1 Acifluorfen 1:96-12:1 1:32-4:1  1:12-1:2  1 Aclonifen 1:857-2:1  1:285-1:3   1:107-1:12  1 Alachlor 1:768-2:1  1:256-1:2   1:96-1:11 1 Ametryn 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Amicarbazone 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Amidosulfuron  1:6-168:1 1:2-56:1  1:1-11:1 1 Aminocyclopyrachlor 1:48-24:1 1:16-8:1  1:6-2:1 1 Aminopyralid 1:20-56:1 1:6-19:1 1:2-4:1 1 Amitrole 1:768-2:1  1:256-1:2   1:96-1:11 1 Anilofos 1:96-12:1 1:32-4:1  1:12-1:2  1 Asulam 1:960-2:1  1:320-1:3   1:120-1:14  1 Atrazine 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Azimsulfuron  1:6-168:1 1:2-56:1  1:1-11:1 1 Beflubutamid 1:342-4:1  1:114-2:1   1:42-1:5  1 Benfuresate 1:617-2:1  1:205-1:2   1:77-1:9  1 Bensulfuron-methyl 1:25-45:1 1:8-15:1 1:3-3:1 1 Bentazone 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Benzobicyclon 1:85-14:1 1:28-5:1  1:10-1:2  1 Benzofenap 1:257-5:1  1:85-2:1  1:32-1:4  1 Bicyclopyrone 1:42-27:1 1:14-9:1  1:5-2:1 1 Bifenox 1:257-5:1  1:85-2:1  1:32-1:4  1 Bispyribac-sodium  1:10-112:1 1:3-38:1 1:1-7:1 1 Bromacil 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Bromobutide 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Bromoxynil 1:96-12:1 1:32-4:1  1:12-1:2  1 Butachlor 1:768-2:1  1:256-1:2   1:96-1:11 1 Butafenacil 1:42-27:1 1:14-9:1  1:5-2:1 1 Butylate 1:1542-1:2   1:514-1:5   1:192-1:22  1 Carfenstrole 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Carfentrazone-ethyl 1:128-9:1  1:42-3:1  1:16-1:2  1 Chlorimuron-ethyl  1:8-135:1 1:2-45:1 1:1-9:1 1 Chlorotoluron 1:768-2:1  1:256-1:2   1:96-1:11 1 Chlorsulfuron  1:6-168:1 1:2-56:1  1:1-11:1 1 Cincosulfuron 1:17-68:1 1:5-23:1 1:2-5:1 1 Cinidon-ethyl 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Cinmethylin 1:34-34:1 1:11-12:1  1:4-3:1 1 Clacyfos 1:34-34:1 1:11-12:1  1:4-3:1 1 Clethodim 1:48-24:1 1:16-8:1  1:6-2:1 1 Clodinafop-propargyl 1:20-56:1 1:6-19:1 1:2-4:1 1 Clomazone 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Clomeprop 1:171-7:1  1:57-3:1  1:21-1:3  1 Clopyralid 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Cloransulam-methyl 1:12-96:1 1:4-32:1 1:1-6:1 1 Cumyluron 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Cyanazine 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Cyclopyrimorate 1:17-68:1 1:5-23:1 1:2-5:1 1 Cyclosulfamuron 1:17-68:1 1:5-23:1 1:2-5:1 1 Cycloxydim 1:96-12:1 1:32-4:1  1:12-1:2  1 Cyhalofop 1:25-45:1 1:8-15:1 1:3-3:1 1 Daimuron 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Desmedipham 1:322-4:1  1:107-2:1   1:40-1:5  1 Dicamba 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Dichlobenil 1:1371-1:2   1:457-1:4   1:171-1:20  1 Dichlorprop 1:925-2:1  1:308-1:3   1:115-1:13  1 Diclofop-methyl 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Diclosulam  1:10-112:1 1:3-38:1 1:1-7:1 1 Difenzoquat 1:288-4:1  1:96-2:1  1:36-1:4  1 Diflufenican 1:857-2:1  1:285-1:3   1:107-1:12  1 Diflufenzopyr 1:12-96:1 1:4-32:1 1:1-6:1 1 Dimethachlor 1:768-2:1  1:256-1:2   1:96-1:11 1 Dimethametryn 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Dimethenamid-P 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Dithiopyr 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Diuron 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 EPTC 1:768-2:1  1:256-1:2   1:96-1:11 1 Esprocarb 1:1371-1:2   1:457-1:4   1:171-1:20  1 Ethalfluralin 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Ethametsulfuron-methyl 1:17-68:1 1:5-23:1 1:2-5:1 1 Ethoxyfen  1:8-135:1 1:2-45:1 1:1-9:1 1 Ethoxysulfuron 1:20-56:1 1:6-19:1 1:2-4:1 1 Etobenzanid 1:257-5:1  1:85-2:1  1:32-1:4  1 Fenoxaprop-ethyl 1:120-10:1  1:40-4:1  1:15-1:2  1 Fenoxasulfone 1:85-14:1 1:28-5:1  1:10-1:2  1 Fenquinotrione 1:17-68:1 1:5-23:1 1:2-5:1 1 Fentrazamide 1:17-68:1 1:5-23:1 1:2-5:1 1 Flazasulfuron 1:17-68:1 1:5-23:1 1:2-5:1 1 Florasulam  1:2-420:1  1:1-140:1  2:1-27:1 1 Fluazifop-butyl 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Flucarbazone  1:8-135:1 1:2-45:1 1:1-9:1 1 Flucetosulfuron  1:8-135:1 1:2-45:1 1:1-9:1 1 Flufenacet 1:257-5:1  1:85-2:1  1:32-1:4  1 Flumetsulam 1:24-48:1 1:8-16:1 1:3-3:1 1 Flumiclorac-pentyl  1:10-112:1 1:3-38:1 1:1-7:1 1 Flumioxazin 1:25-45:1 1:8-15:1 1:3-3:1 1 Fluometuron 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Flupyrsulfuron-methyl  1:3-336:1  1:1-112:1  2:1-21:1 1 Fluridone 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Fluroxypyr 1:96-12:1 1:32-4:1  1:12-1:2  1 Flurtamone 1:857-2:1  1:285-1:3   1:107-1:12  1 Fluthiacet-methyl 1:48-42:1 1:16-14:1  1:3-3:1 1 Fomesafen 1:96-12:1 1:32-4:1  1:12-1:2  1 Foramsulfuron 1:13-84:1 1:4-28:1 1:1-6:1 1 Glufosinate 1:288-4:1  1:96-2:1  1:36-1:4  1 Glyphosate 1:288-4:1  1:96-2:1  1:36-1:4  1 Halosulfuron-methyl 1:17-68:1 1:5-23:1 1:2-5:1 1 Halauxifen 1:20-56:1 1:6-19:1 1:2-4:1 1 Halauxifen methyl 1:20-56:1 1:6-19:1 1:2-4:1 1 Haloxyfop-methyl 1:34-34:1 1:11-12:1  1:4-3:1 1 Hexazinone 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Hydantocidin 1:1100-16:1  1:385-8:1   1:144-4:1  1 Imazamox 1:13-84:1 1:4-28:1 1:1-6:1 1 Imazapic 1:20-56:1 1:6-19:1 1:2-4:1 1 Imazapyr 1:85-14:1 1:28-5:1  1:10-1:2  1 Imazaquin 1:34-34:1 1:11-12:1  1:4-3:1 1 Imazethabenz-methyl 1:171-7:1  1:57-3:1  1:21-1:3  1 Imazethapyr 1:24-48:1 1:8-16:1 1:3-3:1 1 Imazosulfuron 1:27-42:1 1:9-14:1 1:3-3:1 1 Indanofan 1:342-4:1  1:114-2:1   1:42-1:5  1 Indaziflam 1:25-45:1 1:8-15:1 1:3-3:1 1 Iodosulfuron-methyl  1:3-336:1  1:1-112:1  2:1-21:1 1 Ioxynil 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Ipfencarbazone 1:85-14:1 1:28-5:1  1:10-1:2  1 Isoproturon 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Isoxaben 1:288-4:1  1:96-2:1  1:36-1:4  1 Isoxaflutole 1:60-20:1 1:20-7:1  1:7-2:1 1 Lactofen 1:42-27:1 1:14-9:1  1:5-2:1 1 Lenacil 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Linuron 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 MCPA 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 MCPB 1:288-4:1  1:96-2:1  1:36-1:4  1 Mecoprop 1:768-2:1  1:256-1:2   1:96-1:11 1 Mefenacet 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Mefluidide 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Mesosulfuron-methyl  1:5-224:1 1:1-75:1  1:1-14:1 1 Mesotrione 1:42-27:1 1:14-9:1  1:5-2:1 1 Metamifop 1:42-27:1 1:14-9:1  1:5-2:1 1 Metazachlor 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Metazosulfuron 1:25-45:1 1:8-15:1 1:3-3:1 1 Methabenzthiazuron 1:768-2:1  1:256-1:2   1:96-1:11 1 Metolachlor 1:768-2:1  1:256-1:2   1:96-1:11 1 Metosulam  1:8-135:1 1:2-45:1 1:1-9:1 1 Metribuzin 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Metsulfuron-methyl  1:2-560:1  1:1-187:1  3:1-35:1 1 Molinate 1:1028-2:1   1:342-1:3   1:128-1:15  1 Napropamide 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Napropamide-M 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Naptalam 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Nicosulfuron 1:12-96:1 1:4-32:1 1:1-6:1 1 Norflurazon 1:1152-1:1   1:384-1:3   1:144-1:16  1 Orbencarb 1:1371-1:2   1:457-1:4   1:171-1:20  1 Orthosulfamuron 1:20-56:1 1:6-19:1 1:2-4:1 1 Oryzalin 1:514-3:1  1:171-1:2   1:64-1:8  1 Oxadiargyl 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Oxadiazon 1:548-3:1  1:182-1:2   1:68-1:8  1 Oxasulfuron 1:27-42:1 1:9-14:1 1:3-3:1 1 Oxaziclomefone 1:42-27:1 1:14-9:1  1:5-2:1 1 Oxyfluorfen 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Paraquat 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Pendimethalin 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Penoxsulam  1:10-112:1 1:3-38:1 1:1-7:1 1 Penthoxamid 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Pentoxazone 1:102-12:1  1:34-4:1  1:12-1:2  1 Phenmedipham 1:102-12:1  1:34-4:1  1:12-1:2  1 Picloram 1:96-12:1 1:32-4:1  1:12-1:2  1 Picolinafen 1:34-34:1 1:11-12:1  1:4-3:1 1 Pinoxaden 1:25-45:1 1:8-15:1 1:3-3:1 1 Pretilachlor 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Primisulfuron-methyl  1:8-135:1 1:2-45:1 1:1-9:1 1 Prodiamine 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Profoxydim 1:42-27:1 1:14-9:1  1:5-2:1 1 Prometryn 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Propachlor 1:1152-1:1   1:384-1:3   1:144-1:16  1 Propanil 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Propaquizafop 1:48-24:1 1:16-8:1  1:6-2:1 1 Propoxycarbazone 1:17-68:1 1:5-23:1 1:2-5:1 1 Propyrisulfuron 1:17-68:1 1:5-23:1 1:2-5:1 1 Propyzamide 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Prosulfocarb 1:1200-1:2   1:400-1:4   1:150-1:17  1 Prosulfuron  1:6-168:1 1:2-56:1  1:1-11:1 1 Pyraclonil 1:42-27:1 1:14-9:1  1:5-2:1 1 Pyraflufen-ethyl  1:5-224:1 1:1-75:1  1:1-14:1 1 Pyrasulfotole 1:13-84:1 1:4-28:1 1:1-6:1 1 Pyrazolynate 1:857-2:1  1:285-1:3   1:107-1:12  1 Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl  1:10-112:1 1:3-38:1 1:1-7:1 1 Pyrazoxyfen  1:5-224:1 1:1-75:1  1:1-14:1 1 Pyribenzoxim  1:10-112:1 1:3-38:1 1:1-7:1 1 Pyributicarb 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Pyridate 1:288-4:1  1:96-2:1  1:36-1:4  1 Pyriftalid  1:10-112:1 1:3-38:1 1:1-7:1 1 Pyriminobac-methyl 1:20-56:1 1:6-19:1 1:2-4:1 1 Pyrimisulfan 1:17-68:1 1:5-23:1 1:2-5:1 1 Pyrithiobac 1:24-48:1 1:8-16:1 1:3-3:1 1 Pyroxasulfone 1:85-14:1 1:28-5:1  1:10-1:2  1 Pyroxsulam  1:5-224:1 1:1-75:1  1:1-14:1 1 Quinclorac 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Quizalofop-ethyl 1:42-27:1 1:14-9:1  1:5-2:1 1 Rimsulfuron 1:13-84:1 1:4-28:1 1:1-6:1 1 Saflufenacil 1:25-45:1 1:8-15:1 1:3-3:1 1 Sethoxydim 1:96-12:1 1:32-4:1  1:12-1:2  1 Simazine 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Sulcotrione 1:120-10:1  1:40-4:1  1:15-1:2  1 Sulfentrazone 1:147-8:1  1:49-3:1  1:18-1:3  1 Sulfometuron-methyl 1:34-34:1 1:11-12:1  1:4-3:1 1 Sulfosulfuron  1:8-135:1 1:2-45:1 1:1-9:1 1 Tebuthiuron 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Tefuryltrione 1:42-27:1 1:14-9:1  1:5-2:1 1 Tembotrione 1:31-37:1 1:10-13:1  1:3-3:1 1 Tepraloxydim 1:25-45:1 1:8-15:1 1:3-3:1 1 Terbacil 1:288-4:1  1:96-2:1  1:36-1:4  1 Terbuthylazine 1:857-2:1  1:285-1:3   1:107-1:12  1 Terbutryn 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Thenylchlor 1:85-14:1 1:28-5:1  1:10-1:2  1 Thiazopyr 1:384-3:1  1:128-1:1   1:48-1:6  1 Thiencarbazone  1:3-336:1  1:1-112:1  2:1-21:1 1 Thifensulfuron-methyl  1:5-224:1 1:1-75:1  1:1-14:1 1 Tiafenacil 1:17-68:1 1:5-23:1 1:2-5:1 1 Thiobencarb 1:768-2:1  1:256-1:2   1:96-1:11 1 Tolpyralate 1:31-37:1 1:10-13:1  1:3-3:1 1 Topramzone  1:6-168:1 1:2-56:1  1:1-11:1 1 Tralkoxydim 1:68-17:1 1:22-6:1  1:8-2:1 1 Triafamone  1:2-420:1  1:1-140:1  2:1-27:1 1 Triallate 1:768-2:1  1:256-1:2   1:96-1:11 1 Triasulfuron  1:5-224:1 1:1-75:1  1:1-14:1 1 Triaziflam 1:171-7:1  1:57-3:1  1:21-1:3  1 Tribenuron-methyl  1:3-336:1  1:1-112:1  2:1-21:1 1 Triclopyr 1:192-6:1  1:64-2:1  1:24-1:3  1 Trifloxysulfuron  1:2-420:1  1:1-140:1  2:1-27:1 1 Trifludimoxazin 1:25-45:1 1:8-15:1 1:3-3:1 1 Trifluralin 1:288-4:1  1:96-2:1  1:36-1:4  1 Triflusulfuron-methyl 1:17-68:1 1:5-23:1 1:2-5:1 1 Tritosulfuron 1:13-84:1 1:4-28:1 1:1-6:1

Table A2 is constructed the same as Table A1 above except that entries below the “Component (a)” column heading are replaced with the respective Component (a) Column Entry shown below. Compound 1 in the Component (a) column is identified in Index Table A. Thus, for example, in Table A2 the entries below the “Component (a)” column heading all recite “Compound 2” (i.e. Compound 2 identified in Index Table A), and the first line below the column headings in Table A2 specifically discloses a mixture of Compound 2 with 2,4-D. Tables A3 through A7 are constructed similarly.

Table Number Component (a) Column Entries A2 Compound 2 A3 Compound 3 A4 Compound 4 A5 Compound 5 A6 Compound 6 A7 Compound 7 A8 Compound 8 A9 Compound 9 A10 Compound 10 A11 Compound 11 A12 Compound 12 A13 Compound 13 A14 Compound 14 A15 Compound 15 A16 Compound 16 A17 Compound 17 A18 Compound 18 A19 Compound 19 A20 Compound 20 A21 Compound 21 A22 Compound 22 A23 Compound 23 A24 Compound 24 A25 Compound 25 A26 Compound 26 A27 Compound 27 A28 Compound 28

Preferred for better control of undesired vegetation (e.g., lower use rate such as from synergism, broader spectrum of weeds controlled, or enhanced crop safety) or for preventing the development of resistant weeds are mixtures of a compound of this invention with a herbicide selected from the group consisting of chlorimuron-ethyl, nicosulfuron, mesotrione, thifensulfuron-methyl, flupyrsulfuron-methyl, tribenuron, pyroxasulfone, pinoxaden, tembotrione, pyroxsulam, metolachlor and S-metolachlor.

The following Tests demonstrate the control efficacy of the compounds of this invention against specific weeds. The weed control afforded by the compounds is not limited, however, to these species. See Index Tables A through D for compound descriptions. The abbreviation “Cmpd. No.” stands for “Compound Number”. The abbreviation “Ex.” stands for “Example” and is followed by a number indicating in which Synthesis Example the compound is prepared. Mass spectra (MS) are reported with an estimated precision within ±0.5 Da as the molecular weight of the highest isotopic abundance parent ion (M+1) formed by addition of H+ (molecular weight of 1) to the molecule, or (M−1) formed by the loss of H+ (molecular weight of 1) from the molecule, observed by using liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (LCMS) using either atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (AP+) where “amu” stands for unified atomic mass units.

INDEX TABLE A

Cmpd. No. Q¹ Q² M.S. (AP+) 1 Ph(3-CF₃) Ph(2-F) 406.4

INDEX TABLE B

Cmpd. No. Q¹ Q² R³ m.p. (° C.) 2 (Ex. 1) Ph(3-CF₃) Ph(2-F) H **  5 Ph(4-Cl) Ph(2,3-di-F) CH₃ 389.5(M + 1)  6 Ph(4-CF₃) Ph(2-CF₃) CH₃ 455.5(M + 1)  7 Ph(4-Cl) Ph(2,3-di-F) H 375.4(M + 1) 8 (Ex. 4) Ph(4-CF₃) Ph(2,3-di-F) CH₂CH₃ 437.5(M + 1)  9 Ph(4-CH₂CH₃) Ph(3-F,2-CH₃) CH₃ 379.6(M + 1) 10 Ph(3,4-di-CH₃) Ph(3-F,2-CH₃) CH₃ 379.6(M + 1) 11 Ph(4-CH₂CH₃) Ph(2,3-di-F) H 369.5(M + 1) 12 Ph(4-CF₃) Ph(2,3-di-F) H 409.5(M + 1) 13 Ph(4-CH₃) Ph(2-F) H 337.2(M + 1) 14 Ph(3,4-di-CH₃) Ph(2-SCH₃) CH₃ 393.6(M + 1) 15 Ph(4-CH₂CH₃) Ph(2-SCH₃) CH₃ 393.6(M + 1) 16 Ph(3,4-di-CH₃) Ph(2,3-di-F) H 369.5(M + 1) 17 Ph(4-CF₃) Ph(2,3-di-F) n-Pr 451.6(M + 1) 18 Ph(3,4-di-CH₃) Ph(2-SCH₃) H 379.6(M + 1) 19 Ph(3,4-di-CH₃) Ph(2,3-di-F) CH₃ 383.5(M + 1) 20 Ph(4-Cl) Ph(6-F) H 357.4(M + 1) 21 Ph(4-Cl) Ph(2-F) CH₃ 371.5(M + 1) 22 (Ex. 5) Ph(4-CF₃) Ph(2,3-di-F) CF₃ 477.5(M + 1) 23 Ph(4-CH₂CH₃) Ph(2,3-di-F) CH₃ 383.5(M + 1) 24 (Ex. 3) Ph(4-CF₃) Ph(2-F) CH₃ 405.5(M + 1) 25 Ph(4-CH₂CH₃) Ph(2-SCH₃) H 379.5(M + 1) 26 Ph(3,4-di-CH₃) Ph(3-F,2-CH₃) H 365.6(M + 1) 27 Ph(4-CH₃) Ph(2-F) CH₃ 351.5(M + 1) 28 Ph(4-CH₂CH₃) Ph(3-F,2-CH₃) H 365.6(M + 1) ** See Synthesis Example for ¹H NMR data.

INDEX TABLE C

Cmpd. No. Q¹ Q² m.p. (° C.) 3 (Ex. 2) Ph(3-CF₃) Ph(2-F) ** ** See Synthesis Example for ¹H NMR data.

INDEX TABLE D

Cmpd. No. Q¹ Q² M.S. (AP+) 4 Ph(3-CF₃) Ph(2-F) 390

Biological Examples of the Invention

Test A

Seeds of plant species selected from barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), kochia (Kochia scoparia), ragweed (common ragweed, Ambrosia elatior), ryegrass, Italian (Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum), foxtail, giant (giant foxtail, Setaria faberii), and pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), were planted into a blend of loam soil and sand and treated preemergence with a directed soil spray using test chemicals formulated in a non-phytotoxic solvent mixture which included a surfactant.

At the same time, plants selected from these weed species and also blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides), Galium (catchweed bedstraw, Galium aparine), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and corn (Zea mays) were planted in pots containing the same blend of loam soil and sand and treated with postemergence applications of test chemicals formulated in the same manner. Plants ranged in height from 2 to 10 cm and were in the one- to two-leaf stage for the postemergence treatment. Treated plants and untreated controls were maintained in a greenhouse for approximately 10 d, after which time all treated plants were compared to untreated controls and visually evaluated for injury. Plant response ratings, summarized in Table A, are based on a 0 to 100 scale where 0 is no effect and 100 is complete control. A dash (-) response means no test result.

TABLE A Compounds Compounds 500 g ai/ha 1 2 3 4 125 g ai/ha 1 2 3 4 Postemergence Barnyardgrass 60 80 30 60 Barnyardgrass 0 60 0 20 Blackgrass 0 70 0 40 Blackgrass 0 40 0 20 Corn 20 40 0 0 Corn 0 20 0 0 Foxtail, Giant 40 90 50 70 Foxtail, Giant 0 50 20 20 Galium 0 50 0 0 Galium 0 50 0 0 Kochia 0 30 0 0 Kochia 0 0 0 0 Pigweed 0 10 0 0 Pigweed 0 0 0 0 Ragweed 0 10 0 0 Ragweed 0 0 0 0 Ryegrass, Italian 0 50 10 0 Ryegrass, Italian 0 0 0 0 Wheat 0 50 0 20 Wheat 0 0 0 0 Compounds 500 g ai/ha 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Postemergence Barnyardgrass 80 40 70 50 70 90 80 90 90 20 0 Blackgrass 20 20 0 0 70 70 20 60 40 20 0 Corn 30 0 30 0 0 40 30 60 20 0 0 Foxtail, Giant 80 30 70 60 50 80 70 90 80 20 0 Galium 70 30 50 50 20 50 50 70 40 0 0 Kochia 30 0 40 40 0 30 50 60 30 0 0 Pigweed 20 0 50 60 0 0 0 70 0 0 0 Ragweed 20 0 60 20 0 20 30 50 30 0 0 Ryegrass, Italian 20 20 20 0 20 30 50 60 0 0 0 Wheat 20 0 20 0 0 30 20 40 0 0 0 Compounds 500 g ai/ha 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Postemergence Barnyardgrass 80 30 30 90 60 40 0 90 80 30 80 90 80 Blackgrass 60 20 0 70 0 20 0 20 50 0 50 20 40 Corn 70 0 0 30 80 0 0 20 40 0 0 0 0 Foxtail, Giant 80 30 20 80 70 70 0 70 80 30 80 90 60 Galium 50 50 20 50 50 50 0 30 60 0 0 40 30 Kochia 30 50 20 20 40 0 0 30 0 30 0 0 50 Pigweed 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 Ragweed 50 0 0 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ryegrass, Italian 50 0 0 20 0 20 0 0 20 0 20 30 50 Wheat 50 0 0 30 20 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 Compounds 125 g ai/ha 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Postemergence Barnyardgrass 20 0 20 20 30 50 70 30 50 0 0 Blackgrass 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 20 0 0 Corn 20 0 20 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 Foxtail, Giant 30 0 20 20 0 30 40 30 60 0 0 Galium 40 0 40 30 0 0 20 30 40 0 0 Kochia 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 20 0 0 0 Pigweed 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ragweed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ryegrass, Italian 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wheat 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 Compounds 125 g ai/ha 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Postemergence Barnyardgrass 60 0 0 60 20 0 0 50 30 20 50 40 50 Blackgrass 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 Corn 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 Foxtail, Giant 60 0 0 30 20 0 0 30 40 0 50 30 40 Galium 40 40 20 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 20 Kochia 30 20 20 0 0 0 0 30 0 30 0 0 20 Pigweed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ragweed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ryegrass, Italian 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wheat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 Compounds Compounds 500 g ai/ha 1 2 3 4 125 g ai/ha 1 2 3 4 Preemergence Barnyardgrass 70 90 60 90 Barnyardgrass 0 60 0 20 Foxtail, Giant 60 90 80 90 Foxtail, Giant 0 90 0 60 Kochia 0 0 0 0 Kochia 0 0 0 0 Pigweed 0 0 0 0 Pigweed 0 0 0 0 Ragweed 0 0 0 0 Ragweed 0 0 0 0 Ryegrass, Italian 0 0 0 0 Ryegrass, Italian 0 0 0 0 Compounds 500 g ai/ha 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Preemergence Barnyardgrass 80 40 70 70 70 90 90 80 70 30 0 Foxtail, Giant 90 90 80 90 90 90 90 90 90 60 0 Kochia 50 0 40 — 0 50 70 80 70 0 0 Pigweed 0 40 20 50 0 20 30 80 0 0 0 Ragweed 40 0 50 0 0 0 40 50 80 0 0 Ryegrass, Italian 30 60 0 0 0 70 30 60 0 0 0 Compounds 500 g ai/ha 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Preemergence Barnyardgrass 90 50 60 90 70 40 20 90 40 40 90 90 90 Foxtail, Giant 90 90 80 90 90 70 30 90 90 40 90 90 90 Kochia 80 30 0 30 90 40 0 40 60 20 30 0 60 Pigweed 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 0 0 0 0 Ragweed 50 0 30 0 50 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 30 Ryegrass, Italian 60 0 20 20 0 40 0 0 30 0 50 20 30 Compounds 125 g ai/ha 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Preemergence Barnyardgrass 30 0 30 30 40 50 70 20 60 0 0 Foxtail, Giant 50 0 40 30 60 80 80 90 70 0 0 Kochia 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 30 70 0 0 Pigweed 0 0 0 20 0 0 30 30 0 0 0 Ragweed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ryegrass, Italian 20 40 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 Compounds 125 g ai/ha 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Preemergence Barnyardgrass 70 0 20 50 20 0 0 60 0 0 60 0 60 Foxtail, Giant 90 30 0 70 30 0 0 70 30 0 80 80 70 Kochia 70 0 0 0 30 0 0 20 0 0 20 0 60 Pigweed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ragweed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ryegrass, Italian 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 Test B

Plant species in the flooded paddy test selected from rice (Oryza sativa), sedge, umbrella (small-flower umbrella sedge, Cyperus difformis), ducksalad (Heteranthera limosa), and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) were grown to the 2-leaf stage for testing. At time of treatment, test pots were flooded to 3 cm above the soil surface, treated by application of test compounds directly to the paddy water, and then maintained at that water depth for the duration of the test. Treated plants and controls were maintained in a greenhouse for 13 to 15 days, after which time all species were compared to controls and visually evaluated. Plant response ratings, summarized in Table B, are based on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 is no effect and 100 is complete control. A dash (-) response means no test result.

TABLE B Compounds Compound 500 g ai/ha 2 4 250 g ai/ha 1 Flood Barnyardgrass 0 0 Barnyardgrass 0 Ducksalad 0 0 Ducksalad 70 Rice 0 0 Rice 0 Sedge, Umbrella 0 0 Sedge, Umbrella 50 Compounds 250 g ai/ha 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Flood Barnyardgrass 40 0 0 0 20 20 0 0 40 20 0 50 0 Ducksalad 20 0 50 40 75 45 95 75 45 60 50 75 30 Rice 0 0 15 0 15 0 0 0 20 0 20 15 0 Sedge, Umbrella 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 Compounds 250 g ai/ha 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Flood Barnyardgrass 0 30 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 Ducksalad 40 20 70 40 30 80 0 65 85 70 90 Rice 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 20 Sedge, Umbrella 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for preparing a compound of Formula 1C

comprising reducing a compound of Formula 1 B

in the presence of a nickel catalyst followed by in-situ cyclization of the resulting amine, wherein the compound of Formula 1 B is prepared by reacting a compound of Formula 1A

with nitromethane in the presence of a base in ethanol.
 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the reduction of the compound of Formula 1B is carried out using sodium borohydride in the presence of nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate.
 3. A process for preparing a compound of Formula 3C

comprising reducing a compound of Formula 3B

with sodium borohydride in the presence of a nickel catalyst followed by in-situ cyclization of the resulting amine in methanol.
 4. The process of claim 3 wherein the nickel catalyst is nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate.
 5. The process of claim 3 wherein the compound of Formula 3B is prepared by reacting 4-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde with dimethyl malonate.
 6. The process of claim 5 wherein the reaction takes place in the presence of piperidine. 